Software vendors provide workarounds for this problem, but they are vendor specific and still incur cost in system administrator time.

"Costly punishment," the type of punitive behavior studied by Nowak and his colleagues, refers to situations where a punisher is willing to incur a cost in order to penalize someone else.

This has the advantage of not slowing down any new development, but can incur the cost of more difficult integration later on, when changes to the beta site must be re-integrated with the main site.