Furthermore, the energy levels of rare earth ions in fluoride glasses have long lifetimes, and much more substable levels can be formed, thus upconversion lasertransition is abundant.
利用稀土离子在氟化物光纤中的上转换特性，可以获得性能优良的光纤激光器。
2
By counting the number of such X-rays while scanning the frequency of the laser pulse, the team could make a very precise measurement of the photon energy required to drive the 2s-2p transition.
This article discusses the femto-chemistry, because it involves femtosecond laser pulses, and its research or monitor into chemical processes of transition state and intermediate.