Vodafone's mobile-only model, which once seemed visionary, began to look outdated, as the industry embraced "convergence" between fixed-line, mobile, broadband and television services.

Based on adaptive LMS algorithms, the on line BP algorithm with fast convergence speed is presented.

Despite some recent convergence-friendly tweaks to its business model, including moves into the fixed-line broadband market in Britain, Germany and Italy, Vodafone's main focus is still on mobile.