More recently, Kyrgyz and U.S. officials have been concerned about Hizb-ut-Tahrir, an Islamic separatist group, which has taken root in southern Kyrgyzstan.

CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: Rebasing -- and Reequipping -- for Transformation

Travellers in southern Xinjiang say they often see slogans on walls warning people to shun Hizb-ut-Tahrir, an extremist group banned in much of Central Asia that wants to unite Muslims around the world under one caliphate.

ECONOMIST: Xinjiang

There have also been no moves to ban the local chapter of Hizb-ut-Tahrir, a radical group that, although it does not preach violence, does call for the downfall of the Indonesian state and its replacement with a caliphate.

ECONOMIST: Religious freedom is put at risk by political expediency