There are various methods to obtain antibacterial surface on stainless steels, such as chemical heat treatment, magnetron sputtering, ion implantation, Sol-Gel, and chemical deposition.

Fabrication methods often include electroless plating, chemical vapor deposition, and sol gel technique, etc.

Many processes are used to prepare transparent conductive films, such as magnetron sputtering, vacuum reactive evaporation, chemical vapor depositions, Sol-gel, laser-pulsed deposition.