The hot ion beam is cooled by Coulomb interaction with intense and cold hollow electron beams. By analysis of space charge effect of solid and hollow electron beam respectively, the …
通过分析实心电子束和空心电子束的空间电荷场，研究了其对电子束速度和温度的影响。
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The size of the hollow core of vortex beam has close relationship with the topological charge.