Researchers speculate, for example, that black men are less likely than black women to become obese, in part because within the black community they would face a higher stigma.

Despite some overall disadvantage in education and job structure, black urban families headed by a migrant of rural origin did not experience lower average income than other black urban families.

Spending per pupil is now the same for black and white, yet black children generally continue to fare worse than whites because most of them continue to attend vastly inferior schools.