The aim of this research was to decrease the residual of sulfur dioxide and control the release of free sulfur dioxide in malolactic fermentation.

Meanwhile, the removal of the free sulfur from the chalcopyrite will facilitate the ion diffusion and the further oxidative solution of chalcopyrite.

"We make very clean, sulfur-free hydrocarbons that drop directly into the existing infrastructure for the production of diesel fuel," said William J. Sims, the chief executive of Joule.