There are two kinds of theory for the vacuum surface flashover: secondary electron emission avalanche (SEEA) and electron triggered polarization relaxation (ETPR).
研究真空表面闪络过程有两类理论：二次电子发射崩溃(SEEA)和电子引发极化松弛(ETPR)。
2
Moreover, electron-spin polarization are relevant to the structure parameters of the system, so we can control spin-polarized electronic behavior by means of adjusting ferromagnetic stripes.
而且，电子的自旋极化度与系统的结构参数密切相关，因此通过调整磁条可以调控系统中自旋极化电子的行为。
3
A new principle for free electron lasers is proposed for the first time by using very strong surface periodic potential caused by the spontaneous polarization of ferroelectric single crystals.