In one-dimension simulation, the approach taken is a hybrid model where the ions are treated as distinct particles in one-dimension while the electron beam is treated using the beam envelope equation.
在一维模拟中，采用混合模型研究离子噪声，用包络方程描述电子束的，用离散的宏粒子模型描述离子。
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The results show that the quantum path through which the electron gains kinetic energy deviates the dominant quantum path. In addition, the deviation is effected of the carrier-envelope phase.