As flawed as it may be, at least a simple mpg equivalent figureon the window of a Leaf or a Volt would let consumers quickly see how much theymight save by going electric.
The equivalent impedances of inductor and capacitor in transient response were deduced from the exponential transient solution and the volt ampere relation of these elements.
The equivalent series resistance of silicon solar cell can influence its straight volt-ampere property and short-circuit current, but have no influence on open-circuit voltage.