Another important capacity for the poor is risk coping, i.e. dealing with shocks ex-post by reducing variability in consumption in spite of income fluctuations.
贫困者的另一项重要能力是风险应对，即尽管收入波动，通过减少消费变化，事后应对冲击。
2
Many purists doubt whether this is really a form of marketing orientation at all, because of the expost status of consumer research.
很多纯粹主义者怀疑者到底是否一种真正的市场营销导向，因为它事后才做消费者调查。
3
In response to this, smallholders have developed strategies for (ex ante) risk management and (expost) risk coping.