The method may be applied to structures composed of strength hardening and strength softening with the ideal elastoplastic state as their special case.

In view of the anisotropic damage characteristics of concrete under multiaxial stress state, an anisotropic elastoplastic damage model is presented.

The models in common use with elastoplastic analysis of rock mass, conception of critical state and the cap models that reflect strain hardening (or softening) of rocks are discussed.