Perhaps, some may say, it shows that state failure is an extremely elastic term, embracing both countries in total collapse (Somalia, Chad) and those which merely contain large ungoverned Spaces.

On the macroscopic scale, the elastic modulus and the plastic parameters for both pore collapse and plastic shearing processes are expressed as functions of water saturation degree.

This paper gives the elastic differential equation of collapse of perforated casing, and a general formula for reduction factor of elastic collapsing by perturbation method.