1Tie or fasten (something) tightly together.

用绳索捆扎的漂浮着的圆木排。

他们捆住了她的手和脚。

1. 1.1 Restrain (someone) by tying their hands and feet.
   捆绑…的手和脚
   the raider then bound and gagged Mr Glenn

   袭击者然后绑住格伦先生，并塞住他的嘴。

   Example sentencesExamples

   • She was bound and gagged into the chair, and her eyes were wild with fright.
   • It was rather weak at first, but grew so rapidly that, had he been able to do anything other then feel pain, he might have ripped himself free from the restraints that bound him.
   • She was bound from head to foot, her mouth gagged.
   • His father was bound, gagged and unconscious in a chair, next to the bed.
   • It was Maria and she was bound, gagged and blindfolded!
   • She tried to scream but found that someone had gagged and bound her.
   • Viewers have often wondered where the kids are bound and gagged while she whips up her divine culinary creations and who washes the mountains of dishes she leaves in her wake.
   • Two medical personnel had just shot her mother with a tranquilizer dart and had bound her with restraining cloth.
   • He was bound and gagged in the same manner as her.
   • I was bound, gagged, and thrown over a horse's back.
   • My friend and I were bound, gagged, and dragged onto the ship that carried us here.
   • Personally I'd like to see him go the whole hog - bind him, gag him and chuck him into the Thames wearing a pair of concrete boots.
   • No chains, no ropes, no shackles bound him, not even so much as a door blocked either of the two exits.
   • Michael was bound, but not gagged, thankfully, and looked slightly beat up.
   • He was bound and gagged with rope and tape and suspended from the roof of the van.
   • Lionel wrenched him to his feet and cut the wires binding him.
   • Shackles bind him at the wrists and ankles, stretching his body long across the table.
   • They had sat through some horrific details, hearing how the brave security guard was bound, gagged and beaten to death.
   • When we arrived there, I felt as if I was bound and gagged.
   • When he awakens, he realizes that he is bound and gagged in a dark confined place.
2. 1.2 Wrap (something) tightly.
   紧紧包住（或裹住）
   her hair was bound up in a towel

   她的头发用毛巾紧紧裹住。

   Example sentencesExamples

   • Some bundles of cardboard are bound in a way that airlines can use them as ballast, an extra weight required when the plane doesn't have enough cargo or passengers.
   • Neston Church was bound in a huge banner as part of a global campaign to wrap up world poverty last week.
   • Briskly quartered tomatoes lay on the chopping board next to a sprig of spring onions with wispy, soiled roots and fresh green stalks, bound by a blue elastic band.
   • Viviane's deep red hair was bound up into a bun, although some of her hair was free anyway and very curly.
   • The long black hair bound back in a single braid secured with a strip of cloth.
   • Pulling a length of gleaming silver ribbon out of her white robe with the other, she wrapped Alex's hand, binding it around the sword hilt.
   • In doing so he referred to the evidence of the pathologist and concluded that it was pure speculation to suggest that the deceased was bound with the bed sheet.
   • Two individuals had probably been bound with their legs pulled tightly into their chests, a position not commonly found on archaeological sites.
   • Her thick black hair has been bound into a single ponytail.
   • The artificial limb, in a white sock and brown flat shoe, was bound in a heavy material like canvas and ended in an ugly jointure where it was attached to the stump.
   • She raised one foot without turning, and he saw it was bound with cloth to make a sort of padded footwear.
   • It was a cheap, nylon carpet with a rubber back and was bound with white plastic string.
   • I feel attached, as if our souls were bound with the same thread.
   • To prevent fluid buildup, she used bandages to bind her legs tightly, from toe to thigh, for 10 hours a day.
   • Her first letter had appeared other-worldly among the drab envelopes of the evening mail call, a grand parchment rolled like a diploma and bound in a single red ribbon.
   • She was swathed in white, bound from head to toe in that mother of all hues, immaculate and true.
   • I walked to the library slowly, as if shambling, for my heart is bound with iron bands like the faithful servant in that old tale.
   • Her flaxen hair was drawn back in a single plait bound with cord.
   • But the traditional way of attaching them to the wreath ring is to bind them with one long piece of twine, wrapping it three times around the ring for each sprig.
   • She had black hair that was bound in a neat ponytail and was a foot taller than Joshua, which was tall for a girl.

   Synonyms

   wrap, envelop, swaddle, bandage, bundle up, muffle up, cover, cloak, shroud, drape, wind, enfold, bedeck, overlay, encase, sheathe
3. 1.3 Bandage (a wound)
   包扎（伤口）
   Shelley cleaned the wound and bound it up with a clean dressing

   谢利洗净伤口，然后用干净的敷料包扎好。

   Example sentencesExamples

   • It was better than keeping it bound in bandages.
   • At the same time, compress the area with an elastic bandage without binding it too tightly (you should be able to slide your finger under the bandage).
   • He dealt with that first, smearing salve over the bandage with which he bound the wound, and then attended to the many bruises.
   • The stock tie and pin worn are useful to bind up wounds on the trail.
   • The remains of his shirt had been removed to get at the wound, which was thickly bound in white bandages.
   • Gail seems to have tried to bind up the wound with strip of material or something but was too much in agony to take off her t-shirt first.
   • He staggered to his home where his family bound up the wound with rags.
   • She finally grabbed a piece of cloth and tightly bound up the cut.
   • As a Blue Hawk, she was the best medic available, and with neat motions she tore her tunic into bandages and bound the wounded limbs tightly to staunch the bleeding.
   • She noticed that she was wearing what appeared to be a long, white dress, and her arm was bound up tightly and placed in a sling.
   • He is always ready to bind up our wounds and strengthen us.
   • All of them needed their cuts disinfecting, some needed deep wounds cleaning and binding and some were just beyond my comprehension and ability to treat.
   • Uttering a muttered curse, I yank off my shirt and rip it into strips, which I bind tightly over the wounds.
   • A passing taxi driver saw him, stopped to bind his wounds with bandages from his first aid kit, thus saving his life, and called an ambulance.
   • Soon, she had cleaned the wounds, and bound them with bandages.
   • The Samaritan provided for the care of the injured man by digging into his own pockets to pay the price for his care. He bound up his wounds and poured oil on him.
   • She looked at her chest and noticed the bandages that bound her chest were gone.
   • Soon she was applying the medicine and ripping off more of her dress to bind the more nasty slashes.
   • Our congregations will offer their practical and pastoral resources to bind up the wounds of the nation.
   • After getting her wounds bound, Razi led Asher and Iola to the dungeons to inform Daniel and his crew of the victory.
   • They described how to treat fractures, they would use splints bound with bandages.

   Synonyms

   bandage, dress, cover, wrap, swathe, swaddle

   strap up, tape up
4. 1.4be bound with (of an object) be encircled by something, typically metal bands, so as to have greater strength.
   （物品）装有金属箍
   an ancient oak chest bound with brass braces

   一只有黄铜箍的古代橡木箱。

   Example sentencesExamples

   • The handle and hilt were bound with thick black material.
   • The protruding scimitar handle was bound with some kind of dark twine with a dark stone mounted on the pommel, set in silver.
   • It is less tapered than earlier Boston tankards and is visually bound by applied ridged hoops.
   • Built on a solid concrete foundation, the house is bound together with vertical and horizontal steel rods.
   • The metal doors were bound with lock and chain but they were also partially unhinged from the wall.
   • Also, they were bound with several bands of intricately carved bronze.

2Stick together or cause to stick together in a single mass.

在面粉中混入椰子和足够的蛋清，使之黏合。

1. 2.1 Cause (painting pigments) to form a smooth medium by mixing them with oil.
   （用油）调和（颜料）
   Example sentencesExamples

   • However, the steady-state equilibrium between bound and free pigment was largely in favor of the free form.
   • The label did not modify the spectral properties of the bound pigments and was probably reacting with residues exposed at the hydrophilic surfaces.
   • Flesh paint contained egg tempera alone as medium, whilst a dark green glaze (confirmed as ‘copper resinate’) was bound in drying oil.
   • The same applies to bones, to cloth and paper and animal fat used to bind pigments in cave paintings.
   • In its broadest sense this term denotes painting done in pigments bound with a medium (generally gum arabic) which is soluble in water.
   • PsbS provides an essential function in plant photoprotection, with only minimal pigment binding.
2. 2.2 Hold by chemical bonding.
   用化学黏合剂固定
   a protein in a form that can bind DNA

   Example sentencesExamples

   • It is a result of the interplay of the DNA binding and protein degradation kinetics.
   • On the other hand, myosin containing LC3 binds only through the heavy chain.
   • So far we have assumed that a myosin head can bind anywhere on the actin filament with equal probability.
   • That is, the protein releases a number of protons when binding the positively charged peptide.
   • The dye can therefore be considered as being mostly bound with membrane structures and only partly with proteins within cells.
   • The proteins are assumed to be bound over the course of the simulation.
   • The restriction enzyme bound on DNA at the first site binds its second site to a remote DNA sequence and then dissociates from the first one.
   • Processivity is defined as the number of deoxyribonucleotides incorporated each time a DNA polymerase binds its template-primer.
   • Legume lectins are a group of oligomeric proteins that bind carbohydrates reversibly and specifically.
   • The chemical is bound directly to the fabric and said to remain effective through 25 washings.
   • ABL is a member of a group of proteins, which bind the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen selectively and with high affinity.
   • Surprisingly, the dye molecules seem to be bound predominantly to the outer surface of the lipid bilayer.
   • Extensive research has focused on the effect of protein binding on DNA.
   • Since both domains of riboflavin synthase can bind ligand molecules, one would expect to observe separate sets of signals for ligands bound to each respective domain.
   • In contrast to most previously proposed models, chloride must not be bound for GABA translocation to occur.
   • The new study is the first demonstration that binding a chemical to only CB2 receptors has an analgesic effect, Fink says.
   • In bread applications, whey proteins that are chemically bound and interacting with starch could reduce the extent of staling during bread storage.
   • The vitamin is then bound by intrinsic factor, a protein secreted by parietal cells of the stomach, and carried to the ileum where it is absorbed.
   • Protein DNA binding involves a diverse range of noncovalent associations and solvent contributions.
   • These results are in keeping with our analysis of the polymerase and DNA binding assay for this mutant.
3. 2.3bind tono object Combine with (a substance) through chemical bonding.
   用化学黏合剂与…黏合
   these proteins have been reported to bind to calmodulin

   Example sentencesExamples

   • It also binds to retinol-binding protein that in turn associates with vitamin A.
   • The RNA polymerase binds to DNA with the help of other proteins called transcription factors.
   • The skeleton is anchored to the bilayer via binding to integral proteins.
   • Recent studies have shown that oestrogen metabolites can bind to DNA and trigger damage.
   • How can one explain the action of proteins that bind to the DNA far away from their point of action?
   • The cation binding has been explained in terms of specific chemical binding to these negatively charged groups.
   • Within cells both retinol and retinoic acid bind to specific receptor proteins.
   • Being a lipophillic compound, it can inhibit or bind to several regulatory enzymes and proteins.
   • This enabled us to probe the ability of the protein to bind to different phospholipid molecules.
   • Tropomyosin binds to actin by occupying seven consecutive monomers.
   • An extreme example is the fact that the enzyme can bind to membrane carbohydrates and protein receptors.
   • Capture antibodies that revealed binding to non-cognate antigens were removed or replaced with suitable alternatives.
   • Plasminogen binds to both fibrinogen and fibrin, thereby being incorporated into a clot as it is formed.
   • Some steroid hormones, such as glucocorticoids, bind to a cytoplasmic receptor protein that is then translocated into the nucleus.
   • Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins which potentially bind to cell surface glycoconjugates.
   • However, none of the above chromatin remodelling factors binds to specific DNA sequences.
   • This is due to an affinity to bind to DNA bases, particularly pyrimidine bases.
   • It has been reported that lanthanides are able to bind to DNA, RNA and nucleotides in vitro.
   • This is much lower than the typical cooperativity parameters reported for protein binding to DNA.
   • We used several methods to change the strength of the histone binding to DNA.
4. 2.4 (of a food or medicine) make (someone) constipated.
   （食物，药品）使便秘
   Example sentencesExamples

   • Fiber can bind you up if you suddenly add a lot of it to your diet.
   • And she soon learned not only that eating only bananas and sticky rice will bind you up tighter than a drum, but that the bitter leafy vegetables had better be eaten as well to make you go, like them or not.
   • Less bananas and rice they bind you up.
   • My doctor told me one time that apple juice can sometimes bind them up too!
   • Most of the time if you are prescribed a medication that could bind you up the doctor or pharmacist will let you know in advance of that possibility.

3Cause (people) to feel united.

把这样一群各不相同的小伙子团结在一起的同志情谊。

1. 3.1bind someone to Cause someone to feel strongly attached to (a person or place)
   使亲近，使依恋，使离不开（某人或某地）
   touches like that had bound men to him for life

   使人们终生对他有亲近感的诸如此类的手法。

   Example sentencesExamples

   • With commitments to friends and work groups within the League, it's just another tie that binds me to the outside world and keeps me from retreating into a shell on the couch.
   • You are part of the greatest tradition, the greatest inheritance one generation can pass to the next, the umbilical chord that forever binds so many of us to our dads, their dads and their dads.
   • What if the practical experience of the Scottish parliament does quite the reverse: strengthens the ties that bind Scotland to the Union?
   • The ties that bind Martin O'Neill to Celtic may have been, in reality, loosened by the Irishman's decision to sign only a 12-month rolling contract with the club last month.
   • I love to write and free my mind off all the ties life binds me to.
   • Ultimately, it is her sense of place that crowns her book - her ability to summon up the African vistas that bound Finch Hatton to the continent.
   • In many ways, then, this is a book about how a person can come to define himself as much through the cultural artefacts he absorbs in his formative years as through the people he is bound to, or bonds with, along the way.
   • The ties that bind us to everyone else are weaker now than for a very long time, and there is little sense that society is moving forward to a better future.
   • Other commonalities in law, language and economics bind England to America.
   • The ties binding them to their homeland exist only to be cut.
   • They are the strongest threads that bind him to the past.
   • In some ways you could read Cast Away as a tale of escape from the ties that bind us to systems, technologies, and other people, though the character's desperation to get home seems to tell us otherwise.
   • His solution was to ‘break all ties that bind us to America’.
   • The fields, ponds and rivers of his childhood bound Tagore to the earth and its beauty.
   • Ties beyond trade and commerce bound Alabama to Havana.
   • And our government, who we are bound to by the fact that we elected them (if we even did) does not seem to care one bit at all.
   • He had never understood what had bound Madeleine to him for so long - love was just a word to cover ignorance, he had always assumed.
   • The ultimate result of this transmigration from one body to the next is that we have tied one more knot in the rope of attachment which binds us to this material world.
   • The length of the filmmaker's relationship to his documentary subjects permits the film to illuminate the social and political complexity of the Korean national trauma through individual lives and the ties that bind them to others.
   • Not merely would it hit the flow of new projects, it would undermine the tax planning of existing American operations in Ireland, loosening the ties that bind them to what is, in economic terms at least, the 51st state of the union.

4Impose a legal or contractual obligation on.

签订文件的一方通常要受其条款的约束。

1. 4.1 Indenture (someone) as an apprentice.
   订立契约使做学徒
   he was bound apprentice at the age of sixteen

   他16岁当学徒。

   Example sentencesExamples

   • This relationship explains why domestic slaves, even after they had been manumitted, invariably remained with their master at whose death they often bound themselves to his heir or sought the protection of another master.
   • They also worked for others as apprentices, or as bound labor paying off a debt, or because they were put out to work by county officials as paupers or orphans.
   • Besides being the colour of pants worn during training and performing, red trousers symbolize the indentured servitude of children who were bound by contract and often forced to live and train at these schools.
   • Though the people were spared a life of slavery, many of them ultimately came to the Americas as indentured servants, bound by contract to a specific term of unfree labor.
2. 4.2bind oneselfformal Make a contractual or enforceable undertaking.
   〈正式〉立约保证；明确承诺
   the government cannot bind itself as to the form of subsequent legislation

   政府不能明确保证随后的立法将采取何种形式。

   Example sentencesExamples

   • These new American states bound themselves into a revolutionary alliance that worked first through the Continental Congress and then, beginning in 1781, the Articles of Confederation.
   • A man, though agent, may very well intend to bind himself; and he does bind himself if he contracts without restrictive words to shew that he does not do so personally.
   • Well, I have no problem whatever if people want to bind themselves to a particular form of partnership voluntarily, perhaps because of their particular religious beliefs.
   • What he contractually bound himself to do was something which, if he had done it directly, without any contractual obligation, would have left the devisee or legatee vulnerable to a claim under the Act.
   • One obvious issue is the nature of the duties to which a bank has contractually bound itself.
   • And yet the deciding court is free to consider cases from other courts authoritative (the court of last resort if you will), in other words, to freely bind itself.
   • Those reports are a rich and intelligent source, but under the old Convention parties bound themselves only to conform to the final judgments of the Court and the decisions of the Committee of Ministers.
   • Under congressional dicta, an individual must meet specific criteria to be a member of the U.S. Armed Forces and binds himself, via contract, to certain obligations.
   • By signing the Taillories declaration, we have bound ourselves to making Environmental Programming a priority.
   • This is because in the non-statutory scheme the financial institution has bound itself in contract to accept the ombudsman's decision as final.
   • Collusion is prohibited by Article 81 of the EC Treaty, which means (among other things) that firms cannot sign legally enforceable contracts to bind themselves to collusive understandings.
   • ‘The original jurisdiction of the court is constituted under a national law by the ability of the participating countries to bind themselves by agreement to constitute and recognise a regional court,’ he said.
   • In my view, there is no reason that a person who does not bother to obtain a copy of all agreements to which they have agreed to be bound should be in any better position than a person who has bound themselves to the agreement and read the terms.
   • The two parties did indeed initially bind themselves to a strict business contract, with Coutts supplying Albeniz with a large income in return for setting his poetry and opera librettos.
   • It is by entering into contracts that we bind ourselves to each other.
   • The European Union and Japan ratify the Kyoto protocol on climate change, binding themselves to cut greenhouse-gas emissions - by eight per cent from 1990 levels by 2008-12 in Europe, and by six per cent in Japan.
   • Let's really know what we are doing before bind ourselves to a huge tax increase that we cannot afford.
   • But the general rule is clear: where parties have bound themselves by an exclusive jurisdiction clause effect should ordinarily be given to that obligation in the absence of strong reasons for departing from it.
   • The parties may ‘contract to make a contract’, that is to say, they may bind themselves to execute at a future date a formal written agreement containing specific terms and conditions.
   • It is not possible to conceive of a practice whereby Government binds itself as a matter of law to consult before introducing primary legislation.

   Synonyms

   commit oneself, undertake, give an undertaking, pledge

   vow, promise, swear, give one's word
3. 4.3 (of a court of law) require (someone) to fulfil an obligation, typically by paying a sum of money as surety.
   （法庭，法律）命某人具结保证
   he was bound over to keep the peace by magistrates

   治安官命他具结保证不扰乱治安。

   Example sentencesExamples

   • The Magistrates' Court may bind you over to keep the peace for a specified period in a number of different circumstances.
   • It can be inferred from the decision which he made to seek a bind over at that time that he had concluded, at that point at least, that there was still a risk of a continued breach of the peace.
   • But Samantha Leigh, prosecuting, said trouble started in 1998 when Henson received a bind over from magistrates for a common assault on Mrs Williams.
   • If the evidence at the preliminary hearing supports a new or different charge, the court may bind the case over to the appropriate court on the new or different offense.
   • Where the State meets its burden of proof at the preliminary examination on the charged crime, the court lacks authority to dismiss the charged crime and bind defendant over to stand trial on a lesser degree of the charged crime, all as more fully set forth in the opinion.

   Synonyms

   require, compel, make, constrain, obligate, force, put under an obligation, leave someone no option, impel, coerce, pressure, pressurize
4. 4.4be bound by Be hampered or constrained by.
   受…阻碍（或约束）
   Sarah did not want to be bound by a rigid timetable

   萨拉不想被严格的时间表束缚。

   Example sentencesExamples

   • The groom's folks were bound by custom to be even more critical of her appearance and her dowry than were the neighborhood women.
   • The medieval cathedrals were bound by the necessities of load-bearing walls to be narrow, to push in as they pulled up.
   • The sixty people had relatives and these relatives were bound by Islamic rules of blood redemption.
   • Until then, it's brilliant that Jackson has the option to release a more indulgent cut on DVD while being bound by theatrical constraints he can do nothing about.
   • The parties will be bound by and comply with any decision of the expert.
   • One would hope that they'd bring the same disciplines to the process of politics that they should have in the legal profession and are bound by similar ethics.
   • An author of fiction can invent people, places, and happenings, whereas a historian is bound by what the evidence will support.
   • Both lord and vassal were bound by honor to abide by the oath of loyalty.
   • Doyle said the local police station was isolated on Jones Rd and he would like it to be on the section owned by police on Tennyson St in Rolleston but said police were bound by finances.
   • Even if of goodwill towards the others, they felt conflicting obligations, were bound by tradition to avenge insults and to assist others of their group.
   • I came to understand this is a system within which one is bound by respect - for the old people, their stories, the dead and the land.
   • But what they have in common is the desire to express themselves musically in new ways, not being bound by what they have done in the past or what the audience may expect of them.
   • Mr Proctor said the staff involved were bound by guidelines which meant the decision on whether to break the child's confidence would depend on assessment of their competence and whether they were in danger.
   • The study sees the challenge confronting rural communities' responses to this restructuring, in both the country and regional centres, being bound by two dominant ideological forces.
   • A specification ought to be an epitome of the ideal because it should describe what is required without being bound by what currently exists.
   • Unlike now when love is bound by how much one can offer in terms of sustenance and outings, the romance of the time was real.
   • The Trotskyites, on the other hand, were bound by no such constraints.
   • We are not going to be bound by whether they should have decided this or that.
   • Back then we were bound by a sense of self-selected minority identity, sociological martyrs united in spirit against the misguided mainstream.
   • I do not see why he should not be entitled to do so, nor why he should not be bound by that.

   Synonyms

   constrain, restrict, confine, restrain, tie hand and foot, tie down, shackle

   hamper, hinder, inhibit, cramp someone's style

   literary trammel

5Fix together and enclose (the pages of a book) in a cover.

用红色搓纹革装订的厚厚的小开本书。

6Trim (the edge of a piece of material) with a decorative strip.

边沿用对比色做成的褶边。

7Logic
(of a quantifier) be applied to (a given variable) so that the variable falls within its scope. For example, in an expression of the form ‘For every x, if x is a dog, x is an animal’, the universal quantifier is binding the variable x.

8Linguistics
(of a rule or set of grammatical conditions) determine the relationship between (coreferential noun phrases).

1A problematical situation.

1. 1.1British informal A nuisance.
   the travelling can be a bit of a bind

   I know being disturbed on Christmas Day is a bind

   我知道在圣诞节被打扰是让人不快的事。

   Example sentencesExamples

   • I know my kids well enough and am confident enough about my own opinions that writing them isn't too much of a bind.
   • Life since I left work is such a bind - now I have to have two more hangovers in my remaining six days here.
   • That's when having a business is a bind, but it needn't be like that!
   • Most airlines however ask that you carry them in your hand luggage which can be a bit of a bind.
   • As I drink about a gallon a day at home if not more, this is a bit of a bind.
   • In York it really is a bind having to dodge those disabled drivers trying to have as good a quality of life as those lucky able-bodied shoppers.
   • First things first, ordering in Oscars is a bit of a bind.
   • Number 8 I would probably take my laptop computer even though it would be a bit of a bind but it would make keeping in touch with the family easier.
   • Work is a bit of a bind at the mo ’, seem to be suffering from a bad case of post festive season wind up.
   • It makes you wonder when something goes from being a bit of fun that you add to every now and again to something that becomes a bit of a bind.
   • The travel can be a bit of a bind but then you get days like one at Catterick recently when it was five-hour round trip for one ride - but it won!
   • Seven days in a hotel can be a bit of a bind sometimes, but there is a feeling of excitement about this tour, a buzz: we all know something special is just around the corner.
   • I am rapidly coming to the opinion that driving, one of the things I love most in my life, is getting to be a complete bind.
   • While I agree that finding somewhere to park is sometimes a bind, we have never had to pay for it.
   • This is becoming almost as much of a bind as those haikus.
   • All tackle is provided, which avoids the bind of lugging rods and tackle around airports.
   • As a dial-up user having to download a 700 kb word document is quite a bind.
   • This process can be a bind, and content is limited to select file types, but with the right search engine, you could watch the latest shows from across the Atlantic before they make an appearance on E4.

   Synonyms

   nuisance, annoyance, inconvenience, bore, bother, source of irritation, irritant, problem, trial

   informal pain, pain in the neck, pain in the backside, headache, hassle, drag, aggravation, pest

   North American informal pain in the butt

   Australian informal fair cow

   Australian/New Zealand informal nark

   British vulgar slang pain in the arse

   dated infliction

2formal A statutory constraint.

法律上的道德约束。

3Music

4