| 释义 |
Definition of refractory in English: refractoryadjective rɪˈfrakt(ə)rirəˈfrækt(ə)ri formal 1Stubborn or unmanageable. 倔强的；难驾驭的 他那匹桀骜不驯的马驹。 Example sentencesExamples - Threats of the same treatment prevented refractory congregations from using disused churches they had hired for private worship.
- Kippenberger, even at his most refractory, is an artist of energy, sharp insight, great skill and considerable integrity.
- In his reply, Mr Goggins said: ‘Special accommodation may only be used for the temporary confinement of a violent or refractory prisoner, and not as punishment.’
- Capulet's attitude to his refractory daughter is precisely that of my Muslim patients' fathers.
Synonyms obstinate, stubborn, stubborn as a mule, mulish, bull-headed, pig-headed, obdurate, headstrong, self-willed, wayward, wilful, perverse, contrary, recalcitrant, obstreperous, disobedient, insubordinate, rebellious, mutinous, defiant, stiff-necked, intractable, intransigent, unyielding, unmalleable, unmanageable, ungovernable, unpersuadable Scottish thrawn informal cussed British informal bloody-minded, bolshie, stroppy North American informal balky archaic contumacious, froward rare contrarious 2Resistant to a process or stimulus. 耐刺激的 some granules are refractory to secretory stimuli 有些小粒是耐分泌性刺激的。 it will treat ores considered refractory to normal flotation methods Example sentencesExamples - However, Model 4 cannot reproduce the cellular response to sensory stimuli during the refractory phase of the flagellar motor, because this functional phase was deliberately neglected for a first estimate.
- In WS, the three PAI loci are highly refractory to cleavage by either HpaII or MspI, diagnostic of dense CG and CCG methylation of the recognition site.
- Thus, rather than being refractory to conversion, large heterologies converted as often, or more often, than equidistant small heterologies.
- When stimulated after the refractory phase (2 s after the spontaneous reversal or later), the cells responded within ~ 2 s to the stimulus.
- This, in turn, renders cells refractory to subsequent infection by the same or other viruses that use the CD4 receptor for entry; thus creating a state of super-infection immunity.
- Furthermore the labeling of the MBP-SEC preparation was refractory to PNGase F, which hydrolyzes N - but not O-linkages.
- It is not known why P-GUS in line 19 was refractory to FLP activity.
- Although two additional histidine residues are potentially accessible, we focused on the two histidines unique to cx 50 because cx 46 hemichannels were refractory to modification by DEPC.
- In all cases with exogenous DNA inserted into the SalI, SphI, or ClaI site, we find that genomic insertions are largely refractory to mobilization by the active Mos1 transposase.
- Centromeric DNA, being highly repetitive, has been refractory to molecular analysis.
- The reason is that the traits of interest, hybrid sterility and inviability, are by their very nature barriers to crossing and thus are refractory to standard genetic approaches.
- However, the BAC-based approach is more efficient for resolving sequencing anomalies and for determining the sequence of regions that are refractory to DNA sequencing, such as regions high in G + C content.
- At the time-point of stimulation, the cells had recovered from the refractory phase and were fully responsive, whereas nearly none of the cells had reversed spontaneously.
- Seven insertions were located in the retrotransposon array, indicating that the terminal array is not refractory to P-element integrations.
- 2.1Medicine (of a person, illness, or diseased tissue) not yielding to treatment.
〔医〕（人、疾病或病态组织）对治疗无反应的，难治的 healing of previously refractory ulcers 治愈先前对治疗无反应的溃疡。 Example sentencesExamples - Because bioreductive drugs are activated to form highly effective cytotoxins under hypoxic conditions, they can be used to inactivate hypoxic tumor cells that are refractory to the direct cytotoxicity of hypericin-PDT.
- Within two minutes of cardiac arrest, approximately two thirds of patients develop ventricular fibrillation, but the rhythm becomes increasingly refractory to defibrillation over time.
- Caspofungin is a Protocol Drug at UIHC and may only be used in patients who are refractory to or intolerant of amphotericin B or amphotericin B lipid complex, or by recommendation of Infectious Diseases Division consult.
- The intravenous and oral formulations are used for the treatment of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of or who are refractory to amphotericin B therapy.
- Thus far, these patients have proved relatively refractory to potential therapies interfering with individual molecules.
- 2.2Medicine rare (of a person or animal) resistant to infection.
〔医〕〈罕〉（人或动物）抗感染的，不易感染的 turkeys can be infected when young but are refractory as adults Example sentencesExamples - However, this first requires expression of Nef in a resting T cell that is refractory to infection.
- The propagative stages of the nematode occur exclusively in adult male crickets; thus adult females crickets are refractory to infection.
- 2.3technical (of a substance) resistant to heat; hard to melt or fuse.
〈技〉（物质）耐高温的；难熔炼的 refractory materials found in lunar samples Example sentencesExamples - Mr Mills said KCM had for the past year been carrying out tests to determine the economic value of the dumped refractory ores in an effort to recover and process the hundreds of tonnes of copper.
- The steel structure of the kiln is protected from the extreme process heat by a refractory lining.
- Such refractory materials as silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide are so severely attacked that their use is hazardous.
- Some compounds of hafnium are also used as refractory substances to line the inside of high-temperature ovens.
- Also under investigation as possible container materials are certain types of refractory ceramics.
nounPlural refractories rɪˈfrakt(ə)rirəˈfrækt(ə)ri technical A substance that is resistant to heat. 〈技〉耐高温材料 Example sentencesExamples - Graphite is also used as a refractory in high-temperature furnaces, to make black paint, in explosives and matches, and in certain kinds of cathode ray tubes.
- Oxides are formed by direct oxidation in air, by reaction with water vapor, or by aluminothermic reaction with oxides of other metals, such as iron or silicon, contained in tools and refractories.
- The reactivity to the metalloids, especially the metal oxides, has been extremely disturbing to the foundryman since molten titanium severely attacks most of the known refractories to form metal-metalloid systems.
- From the point of view of catastrophic fracture, the most important and interesting of the nonferrous metals are the BCC refractories, high strength aluminum alloys and the HCP metals, magnesium, beryllium, and titanium.
- All three minerals alter to shimmer aggregates of sericite; all three are used in the preparation of refractories.
OriginEarly 17th century: alteration of obsolete refractary, from Latin refractarius 'stubborn' (see also refract). Rhymesfactory, manufactory, olfactory, phylactery, satisfactory Definition of refractory in US English: refractoryadjectiverəˈfrakt(ə)rērəˈfrækt(ə)ri formal 1Stubborn or unmanageable. 倔强的；难驾驭的 他那匹桀骜不驯的马驹。 Example sentencesExamples - In his reply, Mr Goggins said: ‘Special accommodation may only be used for the temporary confinement of a violent or refractory prisoner, and not as punishment.’
- Threats of the same treatment prevented refractory congregations from using disused churches they had hired for private worship.
- Kippenberger, even at his most refractory, is an artist of energy, sharp insight, great skill and considerable integrity.
- Capulet's attitude to his refractory daughter is precisely that of my Muslim patients' fathers.
Synonyms obstinate, stubborn, stubborn as a mule, mulish, bull-headed, pig-headed, obdurate, headstrong, self-willed, wayward, wilful, perverse, contrary, recalcitrant, obstreperous, disobedient, insubordinate, rebellious, mutinous, defiant, stiff-necked, intractable, intransigent, unyielding, unmalleable, unmanageable, ungovernable, unpersuadable 2Resistant to a process or stimulus. 耐刺激的 some granules are refractory to secretory stimuli 有些小粒是耐分泌性刺激的。 Example sentencesExamples - Thus, rather than being refractory to conversion, large heterologies converted as often, or more often, than equidistant small heterologies.
- Furthermore the labeling of the MBP-SEC preparation was refractory to PNGase F, which hydrolyzes N - but not O-linkages.
- However, the BAC-based approach is more efficient for resolving sequencing anomalies and for determining the sequence of regions that are refractory to DNA sequencing, such as regions high in G + C content.
- At the time-point of stimulation, the cells had recovered from the refractory phase and were fully responsive, whereas nearly none of the cells had reversed spontaneously.
- In all cases with exogenous DNA inserted into the SalI, SphI, or ClaI site, we find that genomic insertions are largely refractory to mobilization by the active Mos1 transposase.
- In WS, the three PAI loci are highly refractory to cleavage by either HpaII or MspI, diagnostic of dense CG and CCG methylation of the recognition site.
- Centromeric DNA, being highly repetitive, has been refractory to molecular analysis.
- However, Model 4 cannot reproduce the cellular response to sensory stimuli during the refractory phase of the flagellar motor, because this functional phase was deliberately neglected for a first estimate.
- Although two additional histidine residues are potentially accessible, we focused on the two histidines unique to cx 50 because cx 46 hemichannels were refractory to modification by DEPC.
- When stimulated after the refractory phase (2 s after the spontaneous reversal or later), the cells responded within ~ 2 s to the stimulus.
- The reason is that the traits of interest, hybrid sterility and inviability, are by their very nature barriers to crossing and thus are refractory to standard genetic approaches.
- This, in turn, renders cells refractory to subsequent infection by the same or other viruses that use the CD4 receptor for entry; thus creating a state of super-infection immunity.
- Seven insertions were located in the retrotransposon array, indicating that the terminal array is not refractory to P-element integrations.
- It is not known why P-GUS in line 19 was refractory to FLP activity.
- 2.1Medicine (of a person, illness, or diseased tissue) not yielding to treatment.
〔医〕（人、疾病或病态组织）对治疗无反应的，难治的 healing of previously refractory ulcers 治愈先前对治疗无反应的溃疡。 Example sentencesExamples - Because bioreductive drugs are activated to form highly effective cytotoxins under hypoxic conditions, they can be used to inactivate hypoxic tumor cells that are refractory to the direct cytotoxicity of hypericin-PDT.
- Thus far, these patients have proved relatively refractory to potential therapies interfering with individual molecules.
- Within two minutes of cardiac arrest, approximately two thirds of patients develop ventricular fibrillation, but the rhythm becomes increasingly refractory to defibrillation over time.
- The intravenous and oral formulations are used for the treatment of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of or who are refractory to amphotericin B therapy.
- Caspofungin is a Protocol Drug at UIHC and may only be used in patients who are refractory to or intolerant of amphotericin B or amphotericin B lipid complex, or by recommendation of Infectious Diseases Division consult.
- 2.2Medicine rare (of a person or animal) resistant to infection.
〔医〕〈罕〉（人或动物）抗感染的，不易感染的 Example sentencesExamples - However, this first requires expression of Nef in a resting T cell that is refractory to infection.
- The propagative stages of the nematode occur exclusively in adult male crickets; thus adult females crickets are refractory to infection.
- 2.3technical (of a substance) resistant to heat; hard to melt or fuse.
〈技〉（物质）耐高温的；难熔炼的 Example sentencesExamples - Some compounds of hafnium are also used as refractory substances to line the inside of high-temperature ovens.
- The steel structure of the kiln is protected from the extreme process heat by a refractory lining.
- Such refractory materials as silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide are so severely attacked that their use is hazardous.
- Mr Mills said KCM had for the past year been carrying out tests to determine the economic value of the dumped refractory ores in an effort to recover and process the hundreds of tonnes of copper.
- Also under investigation as possible container materials are certain types of refractory ceramics.
nounrəˈfrakt(ə)rērəˈfrækt(ə)ri technical A substance that is resistant to heat. 〈技〉耐高温材料 Example sentencesExamples - The reactivity to the metalloids, especially the metal oxides, has been extremely disturbing to the foundryman since molten titanium severely attacks most of the known refractories to form metal-metalloid systems.
- Graphite is also used as a refractory in high-temperature furnaces, to make black paint, in explosives and matches, and in certain kinds of cathode ray tubes.
- All three minerals alter to shimmer aggregates of sericite; all three are used in the preparation of refractories.
- Oxides are formed by direct oxidation in air, by reaction with water vapor, or by aluminothermic reaction with oxides of other metals, such as iron or silicon, contained in tools and refractories.
- From the point of view of catastrophic fracture, the most important and interesting of the nonferrous metals are the BCC refractories, high strength aluminum alloys and the HCP metals, magnesium, beryllium, and titanium.
OriginEarly 17th century: alteration of obsolete refractary, from Latin refractarius ‘stubborn’ (see also refract). |