Definition of attenuate in English:

attenuate

verb əˈtɛnjʊeɪtəˈtɛnjəˌweɪt

[with object]

1Reduce the force, effect, or value of.
使减弱；使减少（力量、效果或价值）
her intolerance was attenuated by an unexpected liberalism
她原本偏狭苛刻，却因一次出人意料的开明，而显得宽容了一些。
Example sentencesExamples
- Particularly in disadvantaged areas, this perception of one's own power as a parent seems to be a promising avenue for attenuating the potentially harmful effects of the environment on children's development.
- Although the data presented here suggest that vitamin C supplementation could be clinically useful in attenuating the effects of smoking on lung development, this study has a number of limitations.
- Indeed, distance may strengthen, rather than attenuate social relationships, Fischer argues, and that seems to have been the case in this immigrant community.
- Theoretically this effect is maximised the longer the waiting time; when waiting time is relatively short the effect is attenuated.
- There is scientific evidence demonstrating that, so far as the individual is motivated for carrying out the work, the negative effect of long hours is attenuated.
- Some research suggests, however, that the effects of aging are attenuated not by how much people receive from their community but by how much they contribute to it.
- We expected that family conflict and depression symptoms would generally function as mediators, but also assessed whether they would exacerbate or attenuate the effects of parental drinking problems on children's adjustment.
- This may have attenuated the effect of corporate university training on performance.
- Prenatal nicotine exposure significantly decreased levels of elastin content in the lungs of offspring, and these effects were slightly attenuated by vitamin C.
- This may have attenuated any effect of treatment.
- Ascorbate treatment also attenuated the detrimental effects of the silver nitrate on the plant tissue, considerably reducing the necrotic lesions.
- In other words, we anticipated that positive family relationships would attenuate the effect of individual differences that have been shown to be related to depressed mood.
- So it's feasible to raise enough antibody there to either completely block or very substantially attenuate the effects that nicotine would have.
- However, this beneficial effect is attenuated, and possibly reversed, after much longer treatment regimens.
- Furthermore, we cannot rule out the possibility that a selection effect attenuated some of the findings for the Canadian sample.
- Clinicians should refer cocaine-exposed children to early intervention services to attenuate long-term effects.
- Social inequalities could never be eliminated, only attenuated.
- However, the magnitude of the effect was clearly attenuated.
- I do not believe this attenuates the force of any judgement against those responsible for such attacks.
- Previous research has shown that high-stress individuals and their spouses are at risk for a variety of negative outcomes, including marital and emotional distress, and that social support may attenuate these effects.
- I think that there are strategies by which we can at least attenuate the negative effects of globalisation, but these strategies need to be more sophisticated than organised protest.
Synonyms
weakened, reduced, lessened, decreased, diminished, impaired, enervated
1. 1.1 Reduce the amplitude of (a signal, electric current, or other oscillation)
  减弱，减少（信号、电流或振动）
  the filter must severely attenuate frequencies above 10 Hz
  Example sentencesExamples
  In recent years, engineers have developed receivers that will perform satisfactorily even with multipath-corrupted and severely attenuated signals such as those found indoors.
  As a result of the high electrical conductivity of sea water, signals are attenuated rapidly as they propagate downward through it.
  The pressure pulse will then propagate mainly at that specific frequency along the meridian since it is minimally attenuated at the resonant frequency.
  If this signal is to be passed to downstream devices, it must be amplified and the jitter eliminated or attenuated.
  New designs have greatly improved the sensitivity of GPS receivers so they can make code-phase measurements even on the severely attenuated signals inside buildings.
  You don't have a choice in stereo: You force everything into that left/right soundfield by selectively boosting or attenuating certain frequencies to enhance those instruments.
  Notice that UHF frequencies are attenuated much more than VHF.
  However, a possible drawback is that, as a consequence of relatively high conductivities, low frequency electric fields are severely attenuated in biological tissues.
  Despite the fact that the charge on the metal is high, the field acting on the membrane is greatly attenuated by the electrolyte ions in the thin layer of solvent.
  Semiconductor photodiodes offer high-sensitivity and low-noise operation, enabling them to detect very low light levels; attenuating filters must be used for high powers.
  Synonyms
  weakened, reduced, lessened, decreased, diminished, impaired, enervated
2. 1.2 Reduce the virulence of (a pathogenic organism or vaccine)
  减弱（病原体或疫苗的）毒性
  researchers hoped that the substance would attenuate the course of the disease
  Example sentencesExamples
  Varicella-zoster virus vaccine is a live attenuated virus that becomes latent after vaccination.
  Surfactant therapy attenuated this deterioration, but not completely.
  However, other strains of probiotic organisms actually attenuated the cytokine response.
  In one live, attenuated vaccine approach, scientists genetically modify the TB bacterium in the laboratory, thereby reducing its ability to cause disease.
  This live, attenuated vaccine contains a weakened form of the tularemia bacterium, enabling the immune system to recognize and produce neutralizing antibodies against the bacterium if it is encountered again.
  The authors conclude that live, attenuated intranasally administered influenza vaccine is safe and effective in healthy adults.
  Live, attenuated influenza virus vaccine and placebo were administered as an intranasal spray in a single dose between mid-September and mid-November.
  Because vaccination attenuates the clinical presentation of pertussis, a more sensitive case definition than spasmodic cough of two weeks should be adopted in vaccinated populations.
  To date, only a single randomized placebo-controlled trial has been done to determine whether augmentation therapy attenuates the development of emphysema.
  Live, attenuated influenza vaccine was licensed in 2003 for intranasal administration to healthy children and adults five to 49 years of age.
  Proactive primary prevention presumes that the pathogen can be attenuated or prevented from reaching the individual.
  Not only was this well tolerated, but a myriad of physiological, biochemical, and histological measures of lung damage and inflammation were considerably attenuated, and mortality was reduced.
  Childhood vaccination against varicella with a live attenuated vaccine is now common in the United States and may be introduced elsewhere.
  BCG is a live attenuated vaccine and is being given routinely to all newborns under the universal immunization programme.
  Inactivated vaccines don't seem to work as well as live attenuated vaccines, and in this review at least, did not work at all in children under 2.
  Overall, the inflammatory response was attenuated by hydrocortisone.
  Long-term exposure to allergens can attenuate inflammation and revert airway hyperreactivity to normal responsiveness.
  Recently, a live attenuated virus preparation was developed that reduced the number of infections by 19 to 24 percent when given intranasally to healthy adult volunteers.
  Adverse events such as anaphylaxis may be related to a sensitivity to vaccine components rather than to the attenuated vaccine virus itself.
  An existing, attenuated vaccine against yellow fever is not very effective for just this reason and has to be administered every four years.
  In contrast, fasting, which reduces serum leptin, attenuates ozone-induced inflammation.
  The measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine contains live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella viruses.
2Reduce in thickness; make thin.
（使）变稀薄
Example sentencesExamples
- Against the wall of Baghel's compound stood a row of finished metal figurines: as attenuated, and retro-modern, as those of Amadeo Modigliani.
- At some moments the soloist's rubato might have seemed overly attenuated, but it would be curmudgeonly to complain, particularly in the light of his ravishingly beautiful treatment of sequential passages.
- In 1 patient, the capsular tissue was so thin and attenuated that the planned revision capsular shift procedure was aborted after a diagnostic arthroscopy.
- Microscopic examination revealed the cysts were of varying size and shape and were lined by thin, attenuated endothelial cells.
- The pink transparent band and the bold red title echo the scrawled writing of the original document shown in the photo and the thin, attenuated rubber band holding it all together.
- In the earthly zone, which includes a gallery of portraits of Toledan gentlemen, the figures are only mildly attenuated and their garments are painted with the best Venetian illusionistic technique.
- There was a faint echo of Matisse's floral gouaches découpées, whirled into three dimensions, but Brough's vocabulary of shapes, some as attenuated as bird wings, is entirely her own.
- The oddly attenuated, gothic proportions of her figures, for example, derive from Varo's admiration for El Greco.
Synonyms
thin, slender, slim, skinny, spindly, bony, gaunt, skeletal
narrow, thread-like, thinned down, stretched out, drawn out
rare extenuated, attenuate

adjective əˈtɛnjʊətəˈtɛnjəˌweɪt

rare

Reduced in force, effect, or physical thickness.
使减弱；使减少（力量、效果或价值）
the doctrines of Christianity became very attenuate and distorted
Example sentencesExamples
- On the other hand, for their own analysis Carling et al. used an attenuate isosceles triangle with a blunt snout as their model organism, rather than the profile of an eel.
Synonyms
thin, slender, slim, skinny, spindly, bony, gaunt, skeletal

Origin

Mid 16th century: from Latin attenuat- 'made slender', from the verb attenuare, from ad- 'to' + tenuare 'make thin' (from tenuis 'thin').

Rhymes

extenuate

Definition of attenuate in US English:

attenuate

verbəˈtɛnjəˌweɪt

[with object]

1Reduce the force, effect, or value of.
使减弱；使减少（力量、效果或价值）
her intolerance was attenuated by an unexpected liberalism
她原本偏狭苛刻，却因一次出人意料的开明，而显得宽容了一些。
Example sentencesExamples
- Although the data presented here suggest that vitamin C supplementation could be clinically useful in attenuating the effects of smoking on lung development, this study has a number of limitations.
- Ascorbate treatment also attenuated the detrimental effects of the silver nitrate on the plant tissue, considerably reducing the necrotic lesions.
- However, the magnitude of the effect was clearly attenuated.
- Prenatal nicotine exposure significantly decreased levels of elastin content in the lungs of offspring, and these effects were slightly attenuated by vitamin C.
- This may have attenuated the effect of corporate university training on performance.
- We expected that family conflict and depression symptoms would generally function as mediators, but also assessed whether they would exacerbate or attenuate the effects of parental drinking problems on children's adjustment.
- So it's feasible to raise enough antibody there to either completely block or very substantially attenuate the effects that nicotine would have.
- This may have attenuated any effect of treatment.
- I do not believe this attenuates the force of any judgement against those responsible for such attacks.
- Clinicians should refer cocaine-exposed children to early intervention services to attenuate long-term effects.
- However, this beneficial effect is attenuated, and possibly reversed, after much longer treatment regimens.
- Previous research has shown that high-stress individuals and their spouses are at risk for a variety of negative outcomes, including marital and emotional distress, and that social support may attenuate these effects.
- Social inequalities could never be eliminated, only attenuated.
- I think that there are strategies by which we can at least attenuate the negative effects of globalisation, but these strategies need to be more sophisticated than organised protest.
- Theoretically this effect is maximised the longer the waiting time; when waiting time is relatively short the effect is attenuated.
- In other words, we anticipated that positive family relationships would attenuate the effect of individual differences that have been shown to be related to depressed mood.
- Some research suggests, however, that the effects of aging are attenuated not by how much people receive from their community but by how much they contribute to it.
- Indeed, distance may strengthen, rather than attenuate social relationships, Fischer argues, and that seems to have been the case in this immigrant community.
- There is scientific evidence demonstrating that, so far as the individual is motivated for carrying out the work, the negative effect of long hours is attenuated.
- Particularly in disadvantaged areas, this perception of one's own power as a parent seems to be a promising avenue for attenuating the potentially harmful effects of the environment on children's development.
- Furthermore, we cannot rule out the possibility that a selection effect attenuated some of the findings for the Canadian sample.
Synonyms
weakened, reduced, lessened, decreased, diminished, impaired, enervated
1. 1.1 Reduce the amplitude of (a signal, electric current, or other oscillation)
  减弱，减少（信号、电流或振动）
  the filter must severely attenuate frequencies above 10 Hz
  Example sentencesExamples
  In recent years, engineers have developed receivers that will perform satisfactorily even with multipath-corrupted and severely attenuated signals such as those found indoors.
  Semiconductor photodiodes offer high-sensitivity and low-noise operation, enabling them to detect very low light levels; attenuating filters must be used for high powers.
  As a result of the high electrical conductivity of sea water, signals are attenuated rapidly as they propagate downward through it.
  Notice that UHF frequencies are attenuated much more than VHF.
  You don't have a choice in stereo: You force everything into that left/right soundfield by selectively boosting or attenuating certain frequencies to enhance those instruments.
  If this signal is to be passed to downstream devices, it must be amplified and the jitter eliminated or attenuated.
  However, a possible drawback is that, as a consequence of relatively high conductivities, low frequency electric fields are severely attenuated in biological tissues.
  New designs have greatly improved the sensitivity of GPS receivers so they can make code-phase measurements even on the severely attenuated signals inside buildings.
  Despite the fact that the charge on the metal is high, the field acting on the membrane is greatly attenuated by the electrolyte ions in the thin layer of solvent.
  The pressure pulse will then propagate mainly at that specific frequency along the meridian since it is minimally attenuated at the resonant frequency.
  Synonyms
  weakened, reduced, lessened, decreased, diminished, impaired, enervated
2. 1.2 Reduce the virulence of (a pathogenic organism), especially when preparing a vaccine.
  减弱（病原体或疫苗的）毒性
  the first live vaccine was insufficiently attenuated and produced a significant disease
  Example sentencesExamples
  Not only was this well tolerated, but a myriad of physiological, biochemical, and histological measures of lung damage and inflammation were considerably attenuated, and mortality was reduced.
  However, other strains of probiotic organisms actually attenuated the cytokine response.
  Proactive primary prevention presumes that the pathogen can be attenuated or prevented from reaching the individual.
  To date, only a single randomized placebo-controlled trial has been done to determine whether augmentation therapy attenuates the development of emphysema.
  Inactivated vaccines don't seem to work as well as live attenuated vaccines, and in this review at least, did not work at all in children under 2.
  In contrast, fasting, which reduces serum leptin, attenuates ozone-induced inflammation.
  Varicella-zoster virus vaccine is a live attenuated virus that becomes latent after vaccination.
  Live, attenuated influenza vaccine was licensed in 2003 for intranasal administration to healthy children and adults five to 49 years of age.
  Surfactant therapy attenuated this deterioration, but not completely.
  The authors conclude that live, attenuated intranasally administered influenza vaccine is safe and effective in healthy adults.
  BCG is a live attenuated vaccine and is being given routinely to all newborns under the universal immunization programme.
  Because vaccination attenuates the clinical presentation of pertussis, a more sensitive case definition than spasmodic cough of two weeks should be adopted in vaccinated populations.
  An existing, attenuated vaccine against yellow fever is not very effective for just this reason and has to be administered every four years.
  Recently, a live attenuated virus preparation was developed that reduced the number of infections by 19 to 24 percent when given intranasally to healthy adult volunteers.
  Adverse events such as anaphylaxis may be related to a sensitivity to vaccine components rather than to the attenuated vaccine virus itself.
  Live, attenuated influenza virus vaccine and placebo were administered as an intranasal spray in a single dose between mid-September and mid-November.
  The measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine contains live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella viruses.
  This live, attenuated vaccine contains a weakened form of the tularemia bacterium, enabling the immune system to recognize and produce neutralizing antibodies against the bacterium if it is encountered again.
  Long-term exposure to allergens can attenuate inflammation and revert airway hyperreactivity to normal responsiveness.
  In one live, attenuated vaccine approach, scientists genetically modify the TB bacterium in the laboratory, thereby reducing its ability to cause disease.
  Childhood vaccination against varicella with a live attenuated vaccine is now common in the United States and may be introduced elsewhere.
  Overall, the inflammatory response was attenuated by hydrocortisone.
2Reduce in thickness; make thin.
（使）变稀薄
Example sentencesExamples
- There was a faint echo of Matisse's floral gouaches découpées, whirled into three dimensions, but Brough's vocabulary of shapes, some as attenuated as bird wings, is entirely her own.
- Against the wall of Baghel's compound stood a row of finished metal figurines: as attenuated, and retro-modern, as those of Amadeo Modigliani.
- Microscopic examination revealed the cysts were of varying size and shape and were lined by thin, attenuated endothelial cells.
- In the earthly zone, which includes a gallery of portraits of Toledan gentlemen, the figures are only mildly attenuated and their garments are painted with the best Venetian illusionistic technique.
- At some moments the soloist's rubato might have seemed overly attenuated, but it would be curmudgeonly to complain, particularly in the light of his ravishingly beautiful treatment of sequential passages.
- The oddly attenuated, gothic proportions of her figures, for example, derive from Varo's admiration for El Greco.
- In 1 patient, the capsular tissue was so thin and attenuated that the planned revision capsular shift procedure was aborted after a diagnostic arthroscopy.
- The pink transparent band and the bold red title echo the scrawled writing of the original document shown in the photo and the thin, attenuated rubber band holding it all together.
Synonyms
thin, slender, slim, skinny, spindly, bony, gaunt, skeletal

adjectiveəˈtɛnjəˌweɪt

rare

Reduced in force, effect, or physical thickness.
使减弱；使减少（力量、效果或价值）
Example sentencesExamples
- On the other hand, for their own analysis Carling et al. used an attenuate isosceles triangle with a blunt snout as their model organism, rather than the profile of an eel.
Synonyms
thin, slender, slim, skinny, spindly, bony, gaunt, skeletal

Origin

Mid 16th century: from Latin attenuat- ‘made slender’, from the verb attenuare, from ad- ‘to’ + tenuare ‘make thin’ (from tenuis ‘thin’).

单词	attenuate
释义	Definition of attenuate in English: attenuate verb əˈtɛnjʊeɪtəˈtɛnjəˌweɪt [with object] 1Reduce the force, effect, or value of. 使减弱；使减少（力量、效果或价值） her intolerance was attenuated by an unexpected liberalism 她原本偏狭苛刻，却因一次出人意料的开明，而显得宽容了一些。 Example sentencesExamples Particularly in disadvantaged areas, this perception of one's own power as a parent seems to be a promising avenue for attenuating the potentially harmful effects of the environment on children's development. Although the data presented here suggest that vitamin C supplementation could be clinically useful in attenuating the effects of smoking on lung development, this study has a number of limitations. Indeed, distance may strengthen, rather than attenuate social relationships, Fischer argues, and that seems to have been the case in this immigrant community. Theoretically this effect is maximised the longer the waiting time; when waiting time is relatively short the effect is attenuated. There is scientific evidence demonstrating that, so far as the individual is motivated for carrying out the work, the negative effect of long hours is attenuated. Some research suggests, however, that the effects of aging are attenuated not by how much people receive from their community but by how much they contribute to it. We expected that family conflict and depression symptoms would generally function as mediators, but also assessed whether they would exacerbate or attenuate the effects of parental drinking problems on children's adjustment. This may have attenuated the effect of corporate university training on performance. Prenatal nicotine exposure significantly decreased levels of elastin content in the lungs of offspring, and these effects were slightly attenuated by vitamin C. This may have attenuated any effect of treatment. Ascorbate treatment also attenuated the detrimental effects of the silver nitrate on the plant tissue, considerably reducing the necrotic lesions. In other words, we anticipated that positive family relationships would attenuate the effect of individual differences that have been shown to be related to depressed mood. So it's feasible to raise enough antibody there to either completely block or very substantially attenuate the effects that nicotine would have. However, this beneficial effect is attenuated, and possibly reversed, after much longer treatment regimens. Furthermore, we cannot rule out the possibility that a selection effect attenuated some of the findings for the Canadian sample. Clinicians should refer cocaine-exposed children to early intervention services to attenuate long-term effects. Social inequalities could never be eliminated, only attenuated. However, the magnitude of the effect was clearly attenuated. I do not believe this attenuates the force of any judgement against those responsible for such attacks. Previous research has shown that high-stress individuals and their spouses are at risk for a variety of negative outcomes, including marital and emotional distress, and that social support may attenuate these effects. I think that there are strategies by which we can at least attenuate the negative effects of globalisation, but these strategies need to be more sophisticated than organised protest. Synonyms weakened, reduced, lessened, decreased, diminished, impaired, enervated 1.1 Reduce the amplitude of (a signal, electric current, or other oscillation) 减弱，减少（信号、电流或振动） the filter must severely attenuate frequencies above 10 Hz Example sentencesExamples In recent years, engineers have developed receivers that will perform satisfactorily even with multipath-corrupted and severely attenuated signals such as those found indoors. As a result of the high electrical conductivity of sea water, signals are attenuated rapidly as they propagate downward through it. The pressure pulse will then propagate mainly at that specific frequency along the meridian since it is minimally attenuated at the resonant frequency. If this signal is to be passed to downstream devices, it must be amplified and the jitter eliminated or attenuated. New designs have greatly improved the sensitivity of GPS receivers so they can make code-phase measurements even on the severely attenuated signals inside buildings. You don't have a choice in stereo: You force everything into that left/right soundfield by selectively boosting or attenuating certain frequencies to enhance those instruments. Notice that UHF frequencies are attenuated much more than VHF. However, a possible drawback is that, as a consequence of relatively high conductivities, low frequency electric fields are severely attenuated in biological tissues. Despite the fact that the charge on the metal is high, the field acting on the membrane is greatly attenuated by the electrolyte ions in the thin layer of solvent. Semiconductor photodiodes offer high-sensitivity and low-noise operation, enabling them to detect very low light levels; attenuating filters must be used for high powers. Synonyms weakened, reduced, lessened, decreased, diminished, impaired, enervated 1.2 Reduce the virulence of (a pathogenic organism or vaccine) 减弱（病原体或疫苗的）毒性 researchers hoped that the substance would attenuate the course of the disease Example sentencesExamples Varicella-zoster virus vaccine is a live attenuated virus that becomes latent after vaccination. Surfactant therapy attenuated this deterioration, but not completely. However, other strains of probiotic organisms actually attenuated the cytokine response. In one live, attenuated vaccine approach, scientists genetically modify the TB bacterium in the laboratory, thereby reducing its ability to cause disease. This live, attenuated vaccine contains a weakened form of the tularemia bacterium, enabling the immune system to recognize and produce neutralizing antibodies against the bacterium if it is encountered again. The authors conclude that live, attenuated intranasally administered influenza vaccine is safe and effective in healthy adults. Live, attenuated influenza virus vaccine and placebo were administered as an intranasal spray in a single dose between mid-September and mid-November. Because vaccination attenuates the clinical presentation of pertussis, a more sensitive case definition than spasmodic cough of two weeks should be adopted in vaccinated populations. To date, only a single randomized placebo-controlled trial has been done to determine whether augmentation therapy attenuates the development of emphysema. Live, attenuated influenza vaccine was licensed in 2003 for intranasal administration to healthy children and adults five to 49 years of age. Proactive primary prevention presumes that the pathogen can be attenuated or prevented from reaching the individual. Not only was this well tolerated, but a myriad of physiological, biochemical, and histological measures of lung damage and inflammation were considerably attenuated, and mortality was reduced. Childhood vaccination against varicella with a live attenuated vaccine is now common in the United States and may be introduced elsewhere. BCG is a live attenuated vaccine and is being given routinely to all newborns under the universal immunization programme. Inactivated vaccines don't seem to work as well as live attenuated vaccines, and in this review at least, did not work at all in children under 2. Overall, the inflammatory response was attenuated by hydrocortisone. Long-term exposure to allergens can attenuate inflammation and revert airway hyperreactivity to normal responsiveness. Recently, a live attenuated virus preparation was developed that reduced the number of infections by 19 to 24 percent when given intranasally to healthy adult volunteers. Adverse events such as anaphylaxis may be related to a sensitivity to vaccine components rather than to the attenuated vaccine virus itself. An existing, attenuated vaccine against yellow fever is not very effective for just this reason and has to be administered every four years. In contrast, fasting, which reduces serum leptin, attenuates ozone-induced inflammation. The measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine contains live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella viruses. 2Reduce in thickness; make thin. （使）变稀薄 Example sentencesExamples Against the wall of Baghel's compound stood a row of finished metal figurines: as attenuated, and retro-modern, as those of Amadeo Modigliani. At some moments the soloist's rubato might have seemed overly attenuated, but it would be curmudgeonly to complain, particularly in the light of his ravishingly beautiful treatment of sequential passages. In 1 patient, the capsular tissue was so thin and attenuated that the planned revision capsular shift procedure was aborted after a diagnostic arthroscopy. Microscopic examination revealed the cysts were of varying size and shape and were lined by thin, attenuated endothelial cells. The pink transparent band and the bold red title echo the scrawled writing of the original document shown in the photo and the thin, attenuated rubber band holding it all together. In the earthly zone, which includes a gallery of portraits of Toledan gentlemen, the figures are only mildly attenuated and their garments are painted with the best Venetian illusionistic technique. There was a faint echo of Matisse's floral gouaches découpées, whirled into three dimensions, but Brough's vocabulary of shapes, some as attenuated as bird wings, is entirely her own. The oddly attenuated, gothic proportions of her figures, for example, derive from Varo's admiration for El Greco. Synonyms thin, slender, slim, skinny, spindly, bony, gaunt, skeletal narrow, thread-like, thinned down, stretched out, drawn out rare extenuated, attenuate adjective əˈtɛnjʊətəˈtɛnjəˌweɪt rare Reduced in force, effect, or physical thickness. 使减弱；使减少（力量、效果或价值） the doctrines of Christianity became very attenuate and distorted Example sentencesExamples On the other hand, for their own analysis Carling et al. used an attenuate isosceles triangle with a blunt snout as their model organism, rather than the profile of an eel. Synonyms thin, slender, slim, skinny, spindly, bony, gaunt, skeletal Origin Mid 16th century: from Latin attenuat- 'made slender', from the verb attenuare, from ad- 'to' + tenuare 'make thin' (from tenuis 'thin'). Rhymes extenuate Definition of attenuate in US English: attenuate verbəˈtɛnjəˌweɪt [with object] 1Reduce the force, effect, or value of. 使减弱；使减少（力量、效果或价值） her intolerance was attenuated by an unexpected liberalism 她原本偏狭苛刻，却因一次出人意料的开明，而显得宽容了一些。 Example sentencesExamples Although the data presented here suggest that vitamin C supplementation could be clinically useful in attenuating the effects of smoking on lung development, this study has a number of limitations. Ascorbate treatment also attenuated the detrimental effects of the silver nitrate on the plant tissue, considerably reducing the necrotic lesions. However, the magnitude of the effect was clearly attenuated. Prenatal nicotine exposure significantly decreased levels of elastin content in the lungs of offspring, and these effects were slightly attenuated by vitamin C. This may have attenuated the effect of corporate university training on performance. We expected that family conflict and depression symptoms would generally function as mediators, but also assessed whether they would exacerbate or attenuate the effects of parental drinking problems on children's adjustment. So it's feasible to raise enough antibody there to either completely block or very substantially attenuate the effects that nicotine would have. This may have attenuated any effect of treatment. I do not believe this attenuates the force of any judgement against those responsible for such attacks. Clinicians should refer cocaine-exposed children to early intervention services to attenuate long-term effects. However, this beneficial effect is attenuated, and possibly reversed, after much longer treatment regimens. Previous research has shown that high-stress individuals and their spouses are at risk for a variety of negative outcomes, including marital and emotional distress, and that social support may attenuate these effects. Social inequalities could never be eliminated, only attenuated. I think that there are strategies by which we can at least attenuate the negative effects of globalisation, but these strategies need to be more sophisticated than organised protest. Theoretically this effect is maximised the longer the waiting time; when waiting time is relatively short the effect is attenuated. In other words, we anticipated that positive family relationships would attenuate the effect of individual differences that have been shown to be related to depressed mood. Some research suggests, however, that the effects of aging are attenuated not by how much people receive from their community but by how much they contribute to it. Indeed, distance may strengthen, rather than attenuate social relationships, Fischer argues, and that seems to have been the case in this immigrant community. There is scientific evidence demonstrating that, so far as the individual is motivated for carrying out the work, the negative effect of long hours is attenuated. Particularly in disadvantaged areas, this perception of one's own power as a parent seems to be a promising avenue for attenuating the potentially harmful effects of the environment on children's development. Furthermore, we cannot rule out the possibility that a selection effect attenuated some of the findings for the Canadian sample. Synonyms weakened, reduced, lessened, decreased, diminished, impaired, enervated 1.1 Reduce the amplitude of (a signal, electric current, or other oscillation) 减弱，减少（信号、电流或振动） the filter must severely attenuate frequencies above 10 Hz Example sentencesExamples In recent years, engineers have developed receivers that will perform satisfactorily even with multipath-corrupted and severely attenuated signals such as those found indoors. Semiconductor photodiodes offer high-sensitivity and low-noise operation, enabling them to detect very low light levels; attenuating filters must be used for high powers. As a result of the high electrical conductivity of sea water, signals are attenuated rapidly as they propagate downward through it. Notice that UHF frequencies are attenuated much more than VHF. You don't have a choice in stereo: You force everything into that left/right soundfield by selectively boosting or attenuating certain frequencies to enhance those instruments. If this signal is to be passed to downstream devices, it must be amplified and the jitter eliminated or attenuated. However, a possible drawback is that, as a consequence of relatively high conductivities, low frequency electric fields are severely attenuated in biological tissues. New designs have greatly improved the sensitivity of GPS receivers so they can make code-phase measurements even on the severely attenuated signals inside buildings. Despite the fact that the charge on the metal is high, the field acting on the membrane is greatly attenuated by the electrolyte ions in the thin layer of solvent. The pressure pulse will then propagate mainly at that specific frequency along the meridian since it is minimally attenuated at the resonant frequency. Synonyms weakened, reduced, lessened, decreased, diminished, impaired, enervated 1.2 Reduce the virulence of (a pathogenic organism), especially when preparing a vaccine. 减弱（病原体或疫苗的）毒性 the first live vaccine was insufficiently attenuated and produced a significant disease Example sentencesExamples Not only was this well tolerated, but a myriad of physiological, biochemical, and histological measures of lung damage and inflammation were considerably attenuated, and mortality was reduced. However, other strains of probiotic organisms actually attenuated the cytokine response. Proactive primary prevention presumes that the pathogen can be attenuated or prevented from reaching the individual. To date, only a single randomized placebo-controlled trial has been done to determine whether augmentation therapy attenuates the development of emphysema. Inactivated vaccines don't seem to work as well as live attenuated vaccines, and in this review at least, did not work at all in children under 2. In contrast, fasting, which reduces serum leptin, attenuates ozone-induced inflammation. Varicella-zoster virus vaccine is a live attenuated virus that becomes latent after vaccination. Live, attenuated influenza vaccine was licensed in 2003 for intranasal administration to healthy children and adults five to 49 years of age. Surfactant therapy attenuated this deterioration, but not completely. The authors conclude that live, attenuated intranasally administered influenza vaccine is safe and effective in healthy adults. BCG is a live attenuated vaccine and is being given routinely to all newborns under the universal immunization programme. Because vaccination attenuates the clinical presentation of pertussis, a more sensitive case definition than spasmodic cough of two weeks should be adopted in vaccinated populations. An existing, attenuated vaccine against yellow fever is not very effective for just this reason and has to be administered every four years. Recently, a live attenuated virus preparation was developed that reduced the number of infections by 19 to 24 percent when given intranasally to healthy adult volunteers. Adverse events such as anaphylaxis may be related to a sensitivity to vaccine components rather than to the attenuated vaccine virus itself. Live, attenuated influenza virus vaccine and placebo were administered as an intranasal spray in a single dose between mid-September and mid-November. The measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine contains live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella viruses. This live, attenuated vaccine contains a weakened form of the tularemia bacterium, enabling the immune system to recognize and produce neutralizing antibodies against the bacterium if it is encountered again. Long-term exposure to allergens can attenuate inflammation and revert airway hyperreactivity to normal responsiveness. In one live, attenuated vaccine approach, scientists genetically modify the TB bacterium in the laboratory, thereby reducing its ability to cause disease. Childhood vaccination against varicella with a live attenuated vaccine is now common in the United States and may be introduced elsewhere. Overall, the inflammatory response was attenuated by hydrocortisone. 2Reduce in thickness; make thin. （使）变稀薄 Example sentencesExamples There was a faint echo of Matisse's floral gouaches découpées, whirled into three dimensions, but Brough's vocabulary of shapes, some as attenuated as bird wings, is entirely her own. Against the wall of Baghel's compound stood a row of finished metal figurines: as attenuated, and retro-modern, as those of Amadeo Modigliani. Microscopic examination revealed the cysts were of varying size and shape and were lined by thin, attenuated endothelial cells. In the earthly zone, which includes a gallery of portraits of Toledan gentlemen, the figures are only mildly attenuated and their garments are painted with the best Venetian illusionistic technique. At some moments the soloist's rubato might have seemed overly attenuated, but it would be curmudgeonly to complain, particularly in the light of his ravishingly beautiful treatment of sequential passages. The oddly attenuated, gothic proportions of her figures, for example, derive from Varo's admiration for El Greco. In 1 patient, the capsular tissue was so thin and attenuated that the planned revision capsular shift procedure was aborted after a diagnostic arthroscopy. The pink transparent band and the bold red title echo the scrawled writing of the original document shown in the photo and the thin, attenuated rubber band holding it all together. Synonyms thin, slender, slim, skinny, spindly, bony, gaunt, skeletal adjectiveəˈtɛnjəˌweɪt rare Reduced in force, effect, or physical thickness. 使减弱；使减少（力量、效果或价值） Example sentencesExamples On the other hand, for their own analysis Carling et al. used an attenuate isosceles triangle with a blunt snout as their model organism, rather than the profile of an eel. Synonyms thin, slender, slim, skinny, spindly, bony, gaunt, skeletal Origin Mid 16th century: from Latin attenuat- ‘made slender’, from the verb attenuare, from ad- ‘to’ + tenuare ‘make thin’ (from tenuis ‘thin’).
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