Definition of backbone in English:

backbone

noun ˈbakbəʊnˈbækˌboʊn

1The series of vertebrae extending from the skull to the pelvis; the spine.
（人或动物的）脊骨，脊柱
prickles of sweat broke out along her backbone
figurative the great Pennine range is the backbone of England
Example sentencesExamples
- Segments are the building blocks of arthropod bodies, vertebrae the building blocks of backbones.
- He had displayed so many varieties of them from the skull of cows, dogs and pigs, bones of a garden lizard, backbone and skull of a snake.
- Scrunching up the backbone would bring the shoulder and pelvis closer together, while straightening the backbone would push them apart, he explained.
- Pterosaurs were the first vertebrates, or animals with backbones, to flap their wings and fly.
- The change was a huge evolutionary step that opened the way for vertebrates - animals with backbones - to emerge from the water.
- The researchers found horse skulls and backbones in the villages, indicating that horses were butchered on site.
- The spine, hips and shoulders are literally the backbone of the body.
- Snakes have hundreds of similar vertebrae in their backbones, as can be seen in the skeleton of a python embryo.
- The findings will set them on a collision course with geneticists who argue that the evolution of humans and other vertebrates - animals with backbones - was driven by sudden changes in their genes.
- To fillet a cooked trout, remove the head then use a spoon and run it along the backbone of the flesh of the fish - this should loosen the fillets.
- The spinal cord, a pathway for messages between the brain and the body, is protected by the backbone, or spinal column.
- Finally, ancestral archosaurs had a double row of bony plates (called scutes, or osteoderms) running along the backbone.
- Geneticists will be able to track the same set of genes across a variety of species - say, the genes for backbones in vertebrates.
- Spina bifida, often called open spine, affects the backbone and, sometimes, the spinal cord.
- Your backbone (vertebral column) is actually a stack of more than 30 small bones called vertebrae.
- This is a test where a needle is placed through the lower part of the back between the backbones and into the spinal column.
- This jawless mouth sets the lamprey and its cousin the hagfish apart from all other modern vertebrates - animals with backbones.
- Xu notes that, except for exhibitions or scientific exchanges, it is against the law to export vertebrate fossils - fossils of animals with backbones - from China.
- The function of the vertebrate backbone relies on an array of tissues, with variable composition and structure integrated into a multitude of configurations.
- Both chickens and humans are vertebrates, a group of animals that have skulls and backbones.
Synonyms
spine, spinal column, vertebral column, vertebrae
back
technical dorsum, rachis
1. 1.1US The spine of a book.
  〈美〉书脊
2. 1.2Biochemistry The main chain of a polymeric molecule.
  〔生化〕（聚合分子的）主链
  Example sentencesExamples
  Thus, desmosterol can condense lipid bilayers as well as cholesterol in contrast to other sterols with modifications in the sterol backbone of the molecule.
  Third, specific interactions between the polar headgroups and chemical groups of the backbone and side chains of the peptide are missing from the model.
  It has been proposed that the photoexcited flavin molecule adds a cysteine residue of the protein backbone, thus activating autophosphorylation of the enzyme.
  Although the discussion above has been limited to the side chains, the peptide backbone also forms hydrogen bonds with the DPPC acceptor headgroups.
  The protective mucus in the gastrointestinal tract consists of glycoproteins - a protein backbone with carbohydrate side chains.
2The chief support of a system or organization.
〈喻〉支柱，栋梁
these firms are the backbone of our industrial sector
这些公司是我们产业部门的支柱。
Example sentencesExamples
- Her interest in school's not just a character trait - it's the backbone of the entire series.
- Therefore, the backbone of the squad remains the same, which will probably not be enough to improve on last season's third place.
- I shall just point out very briefly some of the good things we have done in rural health, which supports the backbone of this country.
- ‘The focus is on developing a core of strong domestic banks to be the backbone of the financial system,’ she said.
- Farming is the backbone of this great nation and personifies the grit, determination, and values of America.
- Public transportation should be made the backbone of the system.
- It is a problem that has to be addressed because the clubs are the backbone of the Association.
- And the system, with few exceptions, still provides the backbone of professional education and development within the Army.
- He is really the backbone of the band, with his superlative drumming.
- Today, an access control system is the backbone of many organizations' total security plan.
- You must do it right because your staff are the backbone of your business.
- Their relationship is the backbone of the series, and both actors are very strong in their roles.
- Colin has volunteered at the museum for six years, and as with all the volunteers, is the backbone of the organisation.
- The interstate highway system is the backbone of our national economy - clearly, there's a need to support it.
- Health insurers are the backbone of the system, since they pay the bills.
- Can't sophisticated people attack the computer systems that are the backbone of these big financial institutions?
- Since the beginning of time, women have been the support system and backbone for many of the great strides made by men.
- Traditionally, skills of a given trade were transmitted from father to son thereby forming the backbone of the apprenticeship system.
- He cites his mother as his inspiration, support and the backbone of his success.
- The Andes mountain range is the backbone of the country as well as the continent of South America.
Synonyms
mainstay, cornerstone, foundation, chief support, buttress, pillar
1. 2.1mass noun Strength of character.
  〈喻〉骨气；坚毅；毅力
  he has enough backbone to see us through this difficulty
  他有足够的毅力帮我们渡过这个难关。
  Example sentencesExamples
  Some call it individual initiative, others backbone.
  What happened to the grit, the determination, the backbone?
  He gave backbone to the other Democrats in the race.
  What the football team needs now is a head coach with backbone and character.
  But I want a strong man, backbone included, and there's this little part of me that thinks that if a guy can't pluck up the courage to make the first move, then what does that say about him?
  If anything, the premier deserves a pat on the back for finally having enough backbone to speak the truth.
  And they have to see that I have the strength, the backbone and the character to be president.
  And maybe we'll have the spine and the backbone to get the job done.
  That is one of the less pleasant sides of our character and it strongly suggests a lack of backbone.
  Character and backbone behind closed doors is why, among players, he is still respected.
  Tackling bigotry is not hard, but it does need some courage and backbone.
  Show some backbone, and apply some wisdom.
  She knew it wasn't her husband's fault that his employer's didn't pay him enough for the work he did, but she still wished that he would have enough backbone to try and find another job.
  We have enough laws on the books; all we need is the backbone to enforce them.
  True, they have not that softness of speech which is said to be possessed by Londoners, but they have plenty of grit and backbone in their characters.
  I'll tell myself I just don't want to get into it, when the truth is, I have no backbone whatsoever.
  But what our party really has to have is some backbone.
  The characters have no backbone, the story little credibility or substance.
  You can really see a sense of proud independence with backbone, with artists who don't want to measure themselves by someone else's standards somewhere else.
  The administration has two great strengths in its foreign policy: backbone, and clarity of vision.
  Synonyms
  strength of character, strength of will, firmness of purpose, firmness, resolution, resolve, determination, fortitude, mettle, moral fibre, spine, steel, nerve, spirit, pluck, pluckiness, courage, courageousness, bravery, braveness, valour, manliness
  informal guts, spunk, grit
  British informal bottle
  vulgar slang balls
3Telecommunications Computing
A high-speed, high-capacity digital connection which forms the axis of a local or wide area network.
Example sentencesExamples
- The storage network backbone provides connectivity for hundreds of storage and application resources without wasting costly ports to connect other switches.
- Carriers vie for global telecom domination, investing in state-of-the-art networks comprised of transcontinental backbones and transoceanic cables, but bandwidth paucity persists.
- In addition, the network is configured with end-to-end redundancy from the customer premise equipment to the backbone network.
- The 8Mb backbone was expected to provide a noticeable advancement in capacity over the area network backbone.
- The same techniques can be adapted to route LSPs in a backbone network.
- Messaging backbones, data and application integration, storage, network communications, and so on all provide the essential physical infrastructures for the everyday functioning of businesses.
- The purpose of the scheme was to cede provision of the Internet backbone network directly to commercial carriers.
- The next major breakthrough was to invest very heavily in the high-speed optical backbone network.
- Villagers cannot afford to use the network even if the backbone transport and connection are free.
- Instead, data traffic travels through the IP backbone or another public network, which offers hackers enough opportunities for their work.
- When you hear about the third-generation wireless networks, those backbones are going to be packet-based.
- Just as in rural areas of the United States, there is little commercial interest in extending the Internet backbone to rural areas in less developed countries.
- The most intelligent storage network backbones are now being built with the connection-level intelligence necessary to present traffic patterns in a granular way.
- Smaller players can connect to their backbones via high-speed access lines, paying for a transit link to make the connection.
- A good host company should offer its customers multiple connections to the Internet from its servers (also known as a backbone connection).
- High-speed fiber-optic communication lines make up the Internet backbone, and this network could be extended to consumers.
- The first major project completed was the digital backbone network, which spans the entire country since its completion in February this year.
- Storing video on the edge of the network, instead of transmitting it along the backbone, can markedly reduce costs.
- It is possible today to come up with small access systems, which could be connected to a backbone telecom network.
- I heard from a number of wireless ISPs, too, though those are just as subject to the backbone connection cost issues and have scalability problems, too.

Definition of backbone in US English:

backbone

nounˈbækˌboʊnˈbakˌbōn

1The series of vertebrae extending from the skull to the pelvis; the spine.
（人或动物的）脊骨，脊柱
Example sentencesExamples
- Your backbone (vertebral column) is actually a stack of more than 30 small bones called vertebrae.
- The spine, hips and shoulders are literally the backbone of the body.
- The function of the vertebrate backbone relies on an array of tissues, with variable composition and structure integrated into a multitude of configurations.
- He had displayed so many varieties of them from the skull of cows, dogs and pigs, bones of a garden lizard, backbone and skull of a snake.
- The change was a huge evolutionary step that opened the way for vertebrates - animals with backbones - to emerge from the water.
- The spinal cord, a pathway for messages between the brain and the body, is protected by the backbone, or spinal column.
- Finally, ancestral archosaurs had a double row of bony plates (called scutes, or osteoderms) running along the backbone.
- Scrunching up the backbone would bring the shoulder and pelvis closer together, while straightening the backbone would push them apart, he explained.
- Segments are the building blocks of arthropod bodies, vertebrae the building blocks of backbones.
- Xu notes that, except for exhibitions or scientific exchanges, it is against the law to export vertebrate fossils - fossils of animals with backbones - from China.
- Spina bifida, often called open spine, affects the backbone and, sometimes, the spinal cord.
- To fillet a cooked trout, remove the head then use a spoon and run it along the backbone of the flesh of the fish - this should loosen the fillets.
- The findings will set them on a collision course with geneticists who argue that the evolution of humans and other vertebrates - animals with backbones - was driven by sudden changes in their genes.
- This jawless mouth sets the lamprey and its cousin the hagfish apart from all other modern vertebrates - animals with backbones.
- Pterosaurs were the first vertebrates, or animals with backbones, to flap their wings and fly.
- This is a test where a needle is placed through the lower part of the back between the backbones and into the spinal column.
- The researchers found horse skulls and backbones in the villages, indicating that horses were butchered on site.
- Snakes have hundreds of similar vertebrae in their backbones, as can be seen in the skeleton of a python embryo.
- Both chickens and humans are vertebrates, a group of animals that have skulls and backbones.
- Geneticists will be able to track the same set of genes across a variety of species - say, the genes for backbones in vertebrates.
Synonyms
spine, spinal column, vertebral column, vertebrae
1. 1.1US The spine of a book.
  〈美〉书脊
2. 1.2Biochemistry The main chain of a polymeric molecule.
  〔生化〕（聚合分子的）主链
  Example sentencesExamples
  Thus, desmosterol can condense lipid bilayers as well as cholesterol in contrast to other sterols with modifications in the sterol backbone of the molecule.
  It has been proposed that the photoexcited flavin molecule adds a cysteine residue of the protein backbone, thus activating autophosphorylation of the enzyme.
  Although the discussion above has been limited to the side chains, the peptide backbone also forms hydrogen bonds with the DPPC acceptor headgroups.
  Third, specific interactions between the polar headgroups and chemical groups of the backbone and side chains of the peptide are missing from the model.
  The protective mucus in the gastrointestinal tract consists of glycoproteins - a protein backbone with carbohydrate side chains.
2The chief support of a system or organization; the mainstay.
〈喻〉支柱，栋梁
these firms are the backbone of our industrial sector
这些公司是我们产业部门的支柱。
Example sentencesExamples
- ‘The focus is on developing a core of strong domestic banks to be the backbone of the financial system,’ she said.
- Public transportation should be made the backbone of the system.
- It is a problem that has to be addressed because the clubs are the backbone of the Association.
- Colin has volunteered at the museum for six years, and as with all the volunteers, is the backbone of the organisation.
- You must do it right because your staff are the backbone of your business.
- The Andes mountain range is the backbone of the country as well as the continent of South America.
- Traditionally, skills of a given trade were transmitted from father to son thereby forming the backbone of the apprenticeship system.
- Farming is the backbone of this great nation and personifies the grit, determination, and values of America.
- Her interest in school's not just a character trait - it's the backbone of the entire series.
- And the system, with few exceptions, still provides the backbone of professional education and development within the Army.
- Their relationship is the backbone of the series, and both actors are very strong in their roles.
- He cites his mother as his inspiration, support and the backbone of his success.
- Therefore, the backbone of the squad remains the same, which will probably not be enough to improve on last season's third place.
- I shall just point out very briefly some of the good things we have done in rural health, which supports the backbone of this country.
- Can't sophisticated people attack the computer systems that are the backbone of these big financial institutions?
- Health insurers are the backbone of the system, since they pay the bills.
- Today, an access control system is the backbone of many organizations' total security plan.
- He is really the backbone of the band, with his superlative drumming.
- The interstate highway system is the backbone of our national economy - clearly, there's a need to support it.
- Since the beginning of time, women have been the support system and backbone for many of the great strides made by men.
Synonyms
mainstay, cornerstone, foundation, chief support, buttress, pillar
1. 2.1 Strength of character; firmness.
  〈喻〉骨气；坚毅；毅力
  he has the backbone to see us through this difficulty
  他有足够的毅力帮我们渡过这个难关。
  Example sentencesExamples
  The characters have no backbone, the story little credibility or substance.
  Character and backbone behind closed doors is why, among players, he is still respected.
  You can really see a sense of proud independence with backbone, with artists who don't want to measure themselves by someone else's standards somewhere else.
  What happened to the grit, the determination, the backbone?
  That is one of the less pleasant sides of our character and it strongly suggests a lack of backbone.
  And maybe we'll have the spine and the backbone to get the job done.
  And they have to see that I have the strength, the backbone and the character to be president.
  We have enough laws on the books; all we need is the backbone to enforce them.
  He gave backbone to the other Democrats in the race.
  Show some backbone, and apply some wisdom.
  What the football team needs now is a head coach with backbone and character.
  Tackling bigotry is not hard, but it does need some courage and backbone.
  The administration has two great strengths in its foreign policy: backbone, and clarity of vision.
  Some call it individual initiative, others backbone.
  She knew it wasn't her husband's fault that his employer's didn't pay him enough for the work he did, but she still wished that he would have enough backbone to try and find another job.
  True, they have not that softness of speech which is said to be possessed by Londoners, but they have plenty of grit and backbone in their characters.
  But what our party really has to have is some backbone.
  I'll tell myself I just don't want to get into it, when the truth is, I have no backbone whatsoever.
  But I want a strong man, backbone included, and there's this little part of me that thinks that if a guy can't pluck up the courage to make the first move, then what does that say about him?
  If anything, the premier deserves a pat on the back for finally having enough backbone to speak the truth.
  Synonyms
  strength of character, strength of will, firmness of purpose, firmness, resolution, resolve, determination, fortitude, mettle, moral fibre, spine, steel, nerve, spirit, pluck, pluckiness, courage, courageousness, bravery, braveness, valour, manliness
3Computing Telecommunications
A high-speed, high-capacity digital connection which forms the axis of a local or wide area network.
Example sentencesExamples
- Just as in rural areas of the United States, there is little commercial interest in extending the Internet backbone to rural areas in less developed countries.
- Smaller players can connect to their backbones via high-speed access lines, paying for a transit link to make the connection.
- When you hear about the third-generation wireless networks, those backbones are going to be packet-based.
- The next major breakthrough was to invest very heavily in the high-speed optical backbone network.
- I heard from a number of wireless ISPs, too, though those are just as subject to the backbone connection cost issues and have scalability problems, too.
- The most intelligent storage network backbones are now being built with the connection-level intelligence necessary to present traffic patterns in a granular way.
- The storage network backbone provides connectivity for hundreds of storage and application resources without wasting costly ports to connect other switches.
- It is possible today to come up with small access systems, which could be connected to a backbone telecom network.
- The same techniques can be adapted to route LSPs in a backbone network.
- The purpose of the scheme was to cede provision of the Internet backbone network directly to commercial carriers.
- Messaging backbones, data and application integration, storage, network communications, and so on all provide the essential physical infrastructures for the everyday functioning of businesses.
- In addition, the network is configured with end-to-end redundancy from the customer premise equipment to the backbone network.
- Instead, data traffic travels through the IP backbone or another public network, which offers hackers enough opportunities for their work.
- Storing video on the edge of the network, instead of transmitting it along the backbone, can markedly reduce costs.
- The 8Mb backbone was expected to provide a noticeable advancement in capacity over the area network backbone.
- Villagers cannot afford to use the network even if the backbone transport and connection are free.
- Carriers vie for global telecom domination, investing in state-of-the-art networks comprised of transcontinental backbones and transoceanic cables, but bandwidth paucity persists.
- High-speed fiber-optic communication lines make up the Internet backbone, and this network could be extended to consumers.
- The first major project completed was the digital backbone network, which spans the entire country since its completion in February this year.
- A good host company should offer its customers multiple connections to the Internet from its servers (also known as a backbone connection).

单词	backbone
释义	Definition of backbone in English: backbone noun ˈbakbəʊnˈbækˌboʊn 1The series of vertebrae extending from the skull to the pelvis; the spine. （人或动物的）脊骨，脊柱 prickles of sweat broke out along her backbone figurative the great Pennine range is the backbone of England Example sentencesExamples Segments are the building blocks of arthropod bodies, vertebrae the building blocks of backbones. He had displayed so many varieties of them from the skull of cows, dogs and pigs, bones of a garden lizard, backbone and skull of a snake. Scrunching up the backbone would bring the shoulder and pelvis closer together, while straightening the backbone would push them apart, he explained. Pterosaurs were the first vertebrates, or animals with backbones, to flap their wings and fly. The change was a huge evolutionary step that opened the way for vertebrates - animals with backbones - to emerge from the water. The researchers found horse skulls and backbones in the villages, indicating that horses were butchered on site. The spine, hips and shoulders are literally the backbone of the body. Snakes have hundreds of similar vertebrae in their backbones, as can be seen in the skeleton of a python embryo. The findings will set them on a collision course with geneticists who argue that the evolution of humans and other vertebrates - animals with backbones - was driven by sudden changes in their genes. To fillet a cooked trout, remove the head then use a spoon and run it along the backbone of the flesh of the fish - this should loosen the fillets. The spinal cord, a pathway for messages between the brain and the body, is protected by the backbone, or spinal column. Finally, ancestral archosaurs had a double row of bony plates (called scutes, or osteoderms) running along the backbone. Geneticists will be able to track the same set of genes across a variety of species - say, the genes for backbones in vertebrates. Spina bifida, often called open spine, affects the backbone and, sometimes, the spinal cord. Your backbone (vertebral column) is actually a stack of more than 30 small bones called vertebrae. This is a test where a needle is placed through the lower part of the back between the backbones and into the spinal column. This jawless mouth sets the lamprey and its cousin the hagfish apart from all other modern vertebrates - animals with backbones. Xu notes that, except for exhibitions or scientific exchanges, it is against the law to export vertebrate fossils - fossils of animals with backbones - from China. The function of the vertebrate backbone relies on an array of tissues, with variable composition and structure integrated into a multitude of configurations. Both chickens and humans are vertebrates, a group of animals that have skulls and backbones. Synonyms spine, spinal column, vertebral column, vertebrae back technical dorsum, rachis 1.1US The spine of a book. 〈美〉书脊 1.2Biochemistry The main chain of a polymeric molecule. 〔生化〕（聚合分子的）主链 Example sentencesExamples Thus, desmosterol can condense lipid bilayers as well as cholesterol in contrast to other sterols with modifications in the sterol backbone of the molecule. Third, specific interactions between the polar headgroups and chemical groups of the backbone and side chains of the peptide are missing from the model. It has been proposed that the photoexcited flavin molecule adds a cysteine residue of the protein backbone, thus activating autophosphorylation of the enzyme. Although the discussion above has been limited to the side chains, the peptide backbone also forms hydrogen bonds with the DPPC acceptor headgroups. The protective mucus in the gastrointestinal tract consists of glycoproteins - a protein backbone with carbohydrate side chains. 2The chief support of a system or organization. 〈喻〉支柱，栋梁 these firms are the backbone of our industrial sector 这些公司是我们产业部门的支柱。 Example sentencesExamples Her interest in school's not just a character trait - it's the backbone of the entire series. Therefore, the backbone of the squad remains the same, which will probably not be enough to improve on last season's third place. I shall just point out very briefly some of the good things we have done in rural health, which supports the backbone of this country. ‘The focus is on developing a core of strong domestic banks to be the backbone of the financial system,’ she said. Farming is the backbone of this great nation and personifies the grit, determination, and values of America. Public transportation should be made the backbone of the system. It is a problem that has to be addressed because the clubs are the backbone of the Association. And the system, with few exceptions, still provides the backbone of professional education and development within the Army. He is really the backbone of the band, with his superlative drumming. Today, an access control system is the backbone of many organizations' total security plan. You must do it right because your staff are the backbone of your business. Their relationship is the backbone of the series, and both actors are very strong in their roles. Colin has volunteered at the museum for six years, and as with all the volunteers, is the backbone of the organisation. The interstate highway system is the backbone of our national economy - clearly, there's a need to support it. Health insurers are the backbone of the system, since they pay the bills. Can't sophisticated people attack the computer systems that are the backbone of these big financial institutions? Since the beginning of time, women have been the support system and backbone for many of the great strides made by men. Traditionally, skills of a given trade were transmitted from father to son thereby forming the backbone of the apprenticeship system. He cites his mother as his inspiration, support and the backbone of his success. The Andes mountain range is the backbone of the country as well as the continent of South America. Synonyms mainstay, cornerstone, foundation, chief support, buttress, pillar 2.1mass noun Strength of character. 〈喻〉骨气；坚毅；毅力 he has enough backbone to see us through this difficulty 他有足够的毅力帮我们渡过这个难关。 Example sentencesExamples Some call it individual initiative, others backbone. What happened to the grit, the determination, the backbone? He gave backbone to the other Democrats in the race. What the football team needs now is a head coach with backbone and character. But I want a strong man, backbone included, and there's this little part of me that thinks that if a guy can't pluck up the courage to make the first move, then what does that say about him? If anything, the premier deserves a pat on the back for finally having enough backbone to speak the truth. And they have to see that I have the strength, the backbone and the character to be president. And maybe we'll have the spine and the backbone to get the job done. That is one of the less pleasant sides of our character and it strongly suggests a lack of backbone. Character and backbone behind closed doors is why, among players, he is still respected. Tackling bigotry is not hard, but it does need some courage and backbone. Show some backbone, and apply some wisdom. She knew it wasn't her husband's fault that his employer's didn't pay him enough for the work he did, but she still wished that he would have enough backbone to try and find another job. We have enough laws on the books; all we need is the backbone to enforce them. True, they have not that softness of speech which is said to be possessed by Londoners, but they have plenty of grit and backbone in their characters. I'll tell myself I just don't want to get into it, when the truth is, I have no backbone whatsoever. But what our party really has to have is some backbone. The characters have no backbone, the story little credibility or substance. You can really see a sense of proud independence with backbone, with artists who don't want to measure themselves by someone else's standards somewhere else. The administration has two great strengths in its foreign policy: backbone, and clarity of vision. Synonyms strength of character, strength of will, firmness of purpose, firmness, resolution, resolve, determination, fortitude, mettle, moral fibre, spine, steel, nerve, spirit, pluck, pluckiness, courage, courageousness, bravery, braveness, valour, manliness informal guts, spunk, grit British informal bottle vulgar slang balls 3Telecommunications Computing A high-speed, high-capacity digital connection which forms the axis of a local or wide area network. Example sentencesExamples The storage network backbone provides connectivity for hundreds of storage and application resources without wasting costly ports to connect other switches. Carriers vie for global telecom domination, investing in state-of-the-art networks comprised of transcontinental backbones and transoceanic cables, but bandwidth paucity persists. In addition, the network is configured with end-to-end redundancy from the customer premise equipment to the backbone network. The 8Mb backbone was expected to provide a noticeable advancement in capacity over the area network backbone. The same techniques can be adapted to route LSPs in a backbone network. Messaging backbones, data and application integration, storage, network communications, and so on all provide the essential physical infrastructures for the everyday functioning of businesses. The purpose of the scheme was to cede provision of the Internet backbone network directly to commercial carriers. The next major breakthrough was to invest very heavily in the high-speed optical backbone network. Villagers cannot afford to use the network even if the backbone transport and connection are free. Instead, data traffic travels through the IP backbone or another public network, which offers hackers enough opportunities for their work. When you hear about the third-generation wireless networks, those backbones are going to be packet-based. Just as in rural areas of the United States, there is little commercial interest in extending the Internet backbone to rural areas in less developed countries. The most intelligent storage network backbones are now being built with the connection-level intelligence necessary to present traffic patterns in a granular way. Smaller players can connect to their backbones via high-speed access lines, paying for a transit link to make the connection. A good host company should offer its customers multiple connections to the Internet from its servers (also known as a backbone connection). High-speed fiber-optic communication lines make up the Internet backbone, and this network could be extended to consumers. The first major project completed was the digital backbone network, which spans the entire country since its completion in February this year. Storing video on the edge of the network, instead of transmitting it along the backbone, can markedly reduce costs. It is possible today to come up with small access systems, which could be connected to a backbone telecom network. I heard from a number of wireless ISPs, too, though those are just as subject to the backbone connection cost issues and have scalability problems, too. Definition of backbone in US English: backbone nounˈbækˌboʊnˈbakˌbōn 1The series of vertebrae extending from the skull to the pelvis; the spine. （人或动物的）脊骨，脊柱 Example sentencesExamples Your backbone (vertebral column) is actually a stack of more than 30 small bones called vertebrae. The spine, hips and shoulders are literally the backbone of the body. The function of the vertebrate backbone relies on an array of tissues, with variable composition and structure integrated into a multitude of configurations. He had displayed so many varieties of them from the skull of cows, dogs and pigs, bones of a garden lizard, backbone and skull of a snake. The change was a huge evolutionary step that opened the way for vertebrates - animals with backbones - to emerge from the water. The spinal cord, a pathway for messages between the brain and the body, is protected by the backbone, or spinal column. Finally, ancestral archosaurs had a double row of bony plates (called scutes, or osteoderms) running along the backbone. Scrunching up the backbone would bring the shoulder and pelvis closer together, while straightening the backbone would push them apart, he explained. Segments are the building blocks of arthropod bodies, vertebrae the building blocks of backbones. Xu notes that, except for exhibitions or scientific exchanges, it is against the law to export vertebrate fossils - fossils of animals with backbones - from China. Spina bifida, often called open spine, affects the backbone and, sometimes, the spinal cord. To fillet a cooked trout, remove the head then use a spoon and run it along the backbone of the flesh of the fish - this should loosen the fillets. The findings will set them on a collision course with geneticists who argue that the evolution of humans and other vertebrates - animals with backbones - was driven by sudden changes in their genes. This jawless mouth sets the lamprey and its cousin the hagfish apart from all other modern vertebrates - animals with backbones. Pterosaurs were the first vertebrates, or animals with backbones, to flap their wings and fly. This is a test where a needle is placed through the lower part of the back between the backbones and into the spinal column. The researchers found horse skulls and backbones in the villages, indicating that horses were butchered on site. Snakes have hundreds of similar vertebrae in their backbones, as can be seen in the skeleton of a python embryo. Both chickens and humans are vertebrates, a group of animals that have skulls and backbones. Geneticists will be able to track the same set of genes across a variety of species - say, the genes for backbones in vertebrates. Synonyms spine, spinal column, vertebral column, vertebrae 1.1US The spine of a book. 〈美〉书脊 1.2Biochemistry The main chain of a polymeric molecule. 〔生化〕（聚合分子的）主链 Example sentencesExamples Thus, desmosterol can condense lipid bilayers as well as cholesterol in contrast to other sterols with modifications in the sterol backbone of the molecule. It has been proposed that the photoexcited flavin molecule adds a cysteine residue of the protein backbone, thus activating autophosphorylation of the enzyme. Although the discussion above has been limited to the side chains, the peptide backbone also forms hydrogen bonds with the DPPC acceptor headgroups. Third, specific interactions between the polar headgroups and chemical groups of the backbone and side chains of the peptide are missing from the model. The protective mucus in the gastrointestinal tract consists of glycoproteins - a protein backbone with carbohydrate side chains. 2The chief support of a system or organization; the mainstay. 〈喻〉支柱，栋梁 these firms are the backbone of our industrial sector 这些公司是我们产业部门的支柱。 Example sentencesExamples ‘The focus is on developing a core of strong domestic banks to be the backbone of the financial system,’ she said. Public transportation should be made the backbone of the system. It is a problem that has to be addressed because the clubs are the backbone of the Association. Colin has volunteered at the museum for six years, and as with all the volunteers, is the backbone of the organisation. You must do it right because your staff are the backbone of your business. The Andes mountain range is the backbone of the country as well as the continent of South America. Traditionally, skills of a given trade were transmitted from father to son thereby forming the backbone of the apprenticeship system. Farming is the backbone of this great nation and personifies the grit, determination, and values of America. Her interest in school's not just a character trait - it's the backbone of the entire series. And the system, with few exceptions, still provides the backbone of professional education and development within the Army. Their relationship is the backbone of the series, and both actors are very strong in their roles. He cites his mother as his inspiration, support and the backbone of his success. Therefore, the backbone of the squad remains the same, which will probably not be enough to improve on last season's third place. I shall just point out very briefly some of the good things we have done in rural health, which supports the backbone of this country. Can't sophisticated people attack the computer systems that are the backbone of these big financial institutions? Health insurers are the backbone of the system, since they pay the bills. Today, an access control system is the backbone of many organizations' total security plan. He is really the backbone of the band, with his superlative drumming. The interstate highway system is the backbone of our national economy - clearly, there's a need to support it. Since the beginning of time, women have been the support system and backbone for many of the great strides made by men. Synonyms mainstay, cornerstone, foundation, chief support, buttress, pillar 2.1 Strength of character; firmness. 〈喻〉骨气；坚毅；毅力 he has the backbone to see us through this difficulty 他有足够的毅力帮我们渡过这个难关。 Example sentencesExamples The characters have no backbone, the story little credibility or substance. Character and backbone behind closed doors is why, among players, he is still respected. You can really see a sense of proud independence with backbone, with artists who don't want to measure themselves by someone else's standards somewhere else. What happened to the grit, the determination, the backbone? That is one of the less pleasant sides of our character and it strongly suggests a lack of backbone. And maybe we'll have the spine and the backbone to get the job done. And they have to see that I have the strength, the backbone and the character to be president. We have enough laws on the books; all we need is the backbone to enforce them. He gave backbone to the other Democrats in the race. Show some backbone, and apply some wisdom. What the football team needs now is a head coach with backbone and character. Tackling bigotry is not hard, but it does need some courage and backbone. The administration has two great strengths in its foreign policy: backbone, and clarity of vision. Some call it individual initiative, others backbone. She knew it wasn't her husband's fault that his employer's didn't pay him enough for the work he did, but she still wished that he would have enough backbone to try and find another job. True, they have not that softness of speech which is said to be possessed by Londoners, but they have plenty of grit and backbone in their characters. But what our party really has to have is some backbone. I'll tell myself I just don't want to get into it, when the truth is, I have no backbone whatsoever. But I want a strong man, backbone included, and there's this little part of me that thinks that if a guy can't pluck up the courage to make the first move, then what does that say about him? If anything, the premier deserves a pat on the back for finally having enough backbone to speak the truth. Synonyms strength of character, strength of will, firmness of purpose, firmness, resolution, resolve, determination, fortitude, mettle, moral fibre, spine, steel, nerve, spirit, pluck, pluckiness, courage, courageousness, bravery, braveness, valour, manliness 3Computing Telecommunications A high-speed, high-capacity digital connection which forms the axis of a local or wide area network. Example sentencesExamples Just as in rural areas of the United States, there is little commercial interest in extending the Internet backbone to rural areas in less developed countries. Smaller players can connect to their backbones via high-speed access lines, paying for a transit link to make the connection. When you hear about the third-generation wireless networks, those backbones are going to be packet-based. The next major breakthrough was to invest very heavily in the high-speed optical backbone network. I heard from a number of wireless ISPs, too, though those are just as subject to the backbone connection cost issues and have scalability problems, too. The most intelligent storage network backbones are now being built with the connection-level intelligence necessary to present traffic patterns in a granular way. The storage network backbone provides connectivity for hundreds of storage and application resources without wasting costly ports to connect other switches. It is possible today to come up with small access systems, which could be connected to a backbone telecom network. The same techniques can be adapted to route LSPs in a backbone network. The purpose of the scheme was to cede provision of the Internet backbone network directly to commercial carriers. Messaging backbones, data and application integration, storage, network communications, and so on all provide the essential physical infrastructures for the everyday functioning of businesses. In addition, the network is configured with end-to-end redundancy from the customer premise equipment to the backbone network. Instead, data traffic travels through the IP backbone or another public network, which offers hackers enough opportunities for their work. Storing video on the edge of the network, instead of transmitting it along the backbone, can markedly reduce costs. The 8Mb backbone was expected to provide a noticeable advancement in capacity over the area network backbone. Villagers cannot afford to use the network even if the backbone transport and connection are free. Carriers vie for global telecom domination, investing in state-of-the-art networks comprised of transcontinental backbones and transoceanic cables, but bandwidth paucity persists. High-speed fiber-optic communication lines make up the Internet backbone, and this network could be extended to consumers. The first major project completed was the digital backbone network, which spans the entire country since its completion in February this year. A good host company should offer its customers multiple connections to the Internet from its servers (also known as a backbone connection).
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