Definition of radical in English:

radical

adjective ˈradɪk(ə)lˈrædək(ə)l

1(especially of change or action) relating to or affecting the fundamental nature of something; far-reaching or thorough.
（尤指变化或行动）根本的；意义深远的，彻底的
a radical overhaul of the existing regulatory framework
对现有管理体制的彻底检查。
Example sentencesExamples
- There have been radical changes in the regulation of air travel, from a newly federalized security system to tighter restrictions on what items can be brought onto a plane.
- Fourth, the tax system needs radical reform.
- ‘This marks a radical change in the paradigm for selling time on television networks,’ he says.
- The essential elements of power remained the same without a radical shift in strategy or force structure.
- Meanwhile, dams associated with hydroelectric plants can cause radical disruption of area ecosystems.
- Both groups would be affected by a radical change in the business climate.
- This will undergo a radical change, with an extension to the northbound M606 and a new routing system around it.
- The people are exhausted from the radical changes that affect their way of life.
- As a result of these classes, Emmy made the radical decision to abandon school teaching and make a career as a mathematician.
- The rest of the time, they assumed that economic rationalism implies support for radical free-market reform.
- The proposal makes sweeping, radical changes in the law, but the regulatory analysis does not reflect them.
- Efforts to improve air quality in York are not radical enough to make a real difference, councillors have claimed.
- Yet not a single political party is uncompromisingly committed to the sort of programme of radical reform which would rectify these horrific wrongs.
- Des Ball says the Intelligence system needs radical overhaul.
- ‘The question,’ he added, ‘is whether the Executive is actually up for radical change?’
- Are the arguments of those who predict a radical change in the nature of 21st century wars that groundless after all?
- But even here, the radical change began with federal courts taking major areas of public policy away from state legislatures.
- Thailand combined the introduction of universal access to subsidised health care with a radical shift in funding away from urban hospitals to primary care.
- The reason for this kind of fear-mongering is obvious: it's a way to gin up support for radical reforms.
- It could be many years before the conditions are such that a radical reform of Social Security is possible.
Synonyms
thoroughgoing, thorough, complete, total, entire, absolute, utter, comprehensive, exhaustive, root-and-branch, sweeping, far-reaching, wide-ranging, extensive, profound, drastic, severe, serious, major, desperate, stringent, violent, forceful, rigorous, draconian
1. 1.1 Forming an inherent or fundamental part of the nature of someone or something.
  （人，物）原本的，固有的，与生俱来的
  the assumption of radical differences between the mental attributes of literate and non-literate peoples
  就有文字民族与无文字民族之间智力特征固有差异的假设。
  Example sentencesExamples
  We want to make a radical difference to the prospects and perception of the town.
  This is the first time we have encountered such radical differences within one lot.
  Only those who do not understand the radical difference between the movement of socialist women and bourgeois suffragettes can think this way.
  Since independence, an emergent class structure has become apparent in urban sectors with radical differences in wealth between the rich and poor.
  It should be easy enough to guess the reason for this radical difference in behaviour.
  But then again, a subtle difference was preferable to a radical one, and it did give me a short-term confidence boost.
  There's a radical difference between this kind of traditionalist politics and laissez-faire conservative politics.
  Here, and elsewhere in the installation, one radical difference between the classical and modern sculptures was made evident.
  The radical injustice of early capitalism gave birth to the overcompensation of totalitarian communism.
  As for the property rights of authors to their works, the consequences of these differences are radical.
  The following is a marvellous, energizing, healing ceremony that really does make a radical and lasting, difference in your life.
  The difference between then and now was so radical he was at loss about what to think.
  The story also illustrates the most radical difference between mania and hypomania.
  Note also the radical difference between how our culture defines ‘fashionable’ thinness for men and women.
  These radical differences reveal crucial changes in American culture.
  To that end, you'll notice a radical difference in speed and handling depending on the size of the car.
  The chapter demonstrates that fantasies and day dreams may have radical differences in both structure and content, depending on the use to which we put them.
  He said yesterday: ‘Football results do not make a radical difference to society but they can have an impact.’
  For translators, the radical differences between Chinese and English are a source of despair and opportunity.
  Iceland displays some radical cultural differences with its temporary American inhabitants.
  Synonyms
  fundamental, basic, essential, quintessential
  inherent, innate, structural, deep-seated, intrinsic, organic, constitutive, root
2. 1.2 (of surgery or medical treatment) thorough and intended to be completely curative.
  （外科，医疗）根治的，根除的
  Example sentencesExamples
  The same diagnostic delay led to 64 patients having more radical treatment than necessary.
  Despite this risk, radical surgery is not indicated for the treatment of this lesion.
  The patient in this case study underwent ablative surgery consisting of a radical hemipelvectomy carried out by an orthopaedic oncologist.
  Last week, one simple health message dominated the US media: radical prostate surgery for prostate cancer saves lives.
  By the seventeenth century, more radical treatments, often chemical, came into fashion and the gentle, gradual, and individualized diet fell out of favour.
  All the control lymph nodes were removed as part of radical surgeries for malignant disease conditions and were negative for malignancy.
  She continued to practise here, despite further radical surgery for a separate primary carcinoma.
  More serious cancers, however, will require radical surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.
  Such patterns of care should increase the frequency with which patients are offered treatments that alter the course of the disease, most particularly surgical resection or radical radiotherapy.
  Options include radical prostatectomy, conformal radiotherapy or brachytherapy, hormone treatment, and active monitoring.
  The rest of the pamphlet contained a list of treatment options ranging from modified radical mastectomy to hormonal therapy.
  Delayed recognition of cancer as a result of inaccuracy or inefficiency may also lead to increases in distress and disability for the patient, in addition to the eventual need for more radical treatment.
  In patients who are unfit to have radical surgery, radiotherapy may be administered to the inguinal lymph nodes.
  Urinary incontinence is very common, but most people do not desire or require radical treatment.
  Each of the main treatments radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, and monitoring has risks.
  A radiographic evaluation is not indicated unless radical treatment is being contemplated.
  For these women the recommended treatment is often modified radical mastectomy.
  The principal concern is that age bias will lead to the use of palliative therapies as opposed to curative treatments and radical surgical procedures in older adult patients.
  Men could then be offered radical surgery if their test results showed a worsening trend.
  The patient underwent preoperative chemotherapy and subsequent radical hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy.
2Advocating or based on thorough or complete political or social change; representing or supporting an extreme or progressive section of a political party.
过激的；激进的，激进派的
a radical American activist
美国激进主义分子。
Example sentencesExamples
- In addition, radical students espousing forms of Marxism, some combined with religious political rhetoric, joined the disaffected.
- It was an explicit invitation to the radical students to direct their criticism at the highest leaders of the Party and the State.
- Hard-liners formed a radical political party, more extremist than any other.
- But history shows that protests are organized first by militant, radical fringe parties and then get taken over by more centrist voices as the movement grows.
- Wales has always had strong left wing and radical political parties and leaders.
- But they were captives of the extreme radical elements in their party, for whom the Green movement was not essentially a political cause but a spiritual one.
- So we can have all sorts of radical parties in politics making change there.
- For socialist and radical parties and movements, 1968 saw a mushrooming in their number and members.
- His billionaire wife is remembered either as very religious or beautiful, but certainly not as a radical political activist.
- Born in 1856, he became a radical social reformer who preached the adage of ‘one caste, one God and one religion for all men’.
- She was supported by all the left and radical parties including the NSSP as well as all the various bourgeois and petty bourgeois Tamil parties.
- Later it emerged that they belonged to the radical left-wing organisation November 17.
- Their passivity is a reflection of the lack of cohesiveness among social groups and radical parties.
- We could well have a more radical left-wing party with some trade union support while on the right the Eurosceptics might have gone and formed a new party.
- She has been the most radical advocate of the party's adoption of an independent stance in elections.
- A radical working class carried out a general strike in 1917 and provoked two states of siege.
- Western colonies of radical workers sprang up in the 1880s and 1890s.
- The Left Bloc began by bringing together people from different traditions of the radical left in Portugal.
- The more radical Jewish political activists have been involved in unions and socialism.
- He's accused of supporting extremists or radical groups in other countries as well, but Colombia is an sufficient place to start.
Synonyms
revolutionary, progressive, reforming, reformist, revisionist, progressivist
leftist, left-wing, socialist, anti-capitalist
extreme, extremist, fanatical, militant, diehard
informal red
British informal swivel-eyed
derogatory Bolshevik
1. 2.1British historical Belonging to an extreme section of the Liberal party during the 19th century.
  〈英，史〉（19世纪）自由党激进派的
  Example sentencesExamples
  He was elected as MP for Stirling Burghs in 1868, and gained a reputation as a radical Liberal.
2. 2.2 Characterized by independence of or departure from tradition; innovative or unorthodox.
  反传统的；创新的，革新的；进步的
  the daring, avant-garde spirit of the music was too radical for the conservative audience
  Example sentencesExamples
  She calls for a radical re-examination of traditional approaches to accountability, transparency and press freedom.
  Many of the widely known Chinese artists presented variations - some slight, some radical - on the type of work that made their reputation.
  First, let's mandate a radical redesign of that core user of oil, the automobile.
  That's when the American Medical Association published a radical new recommendation - most Americans should be taking vitamins.
  Road pricing is a radical solution that primarily is about securing allocative efficiency of scarce resources, namely road space.
  For most teachers, then, doing things that make a difference would mean working in radical ways within a mainstream school.
  Moore's law is not concerned with radical new technologies that could have a dramatic effect.
  These twin notions are neither new nor radical, but are rooted in core American values.
  A radical agenda and innovative ideas for a second term of Labour-led government are being thrashed out by ministers and senior party figures in private this weekend.
  The resulting album attracted two nominations in the Radio 2 folk awards with its radical approach to traditional music.
  But in New York, the gifted young sculptor became a sort of society vanguardist whose soigne work was rooted in radical ideas that he made palatable.
  Here we would like to entertain the more radical idea that the underlying laws governing those individual phenomena are themselves of statistical origin.
  A radical alternative to this approach, one that would expose patients to the full price of drugs, is reference pricing.
  It is unfortunate that most people are not in a position to come into contact, let alone sympathize, with radical musical ideas.
  This is not such a radical thought; rhythms characterize all living systems, indeed, differentiate them from the non-living.
  Given the extent to which it is taken for granted today, it can be difficult to fully appreciate the truly innovative and radical approach Frege took to logic.
  His early 1980s TV show seemed radical at the time.
  At the time of launch the collaboration between the news and current affairs departments was a radical approach.
  We will need a fresh and radical approach capable of reaching millions, not thousands, of voters.
  When von Neumann proposed this architecture in 1945, it was a radical idea.
  Synonyms
  unusual, irregular, unorthodox, unfamiliar, uncommon, uncustomary, unwonted, rare, out of the ordinary, atypical, singular, distinctive, individual, individualistic, free-spirited, alternative, different
3Linguistics
Denoting or relating to the roots of a word.
词根的
1. 3.1Music Belonging to the root of a chord.
  词根的
4Mathematics
Relating to or forming the root of a number or quantity.
〔数〕根式的；根号的；根基的
Example sentencesExamples
- The answers are thirteen over four and two plus or minus radical seven.
5Botany
Of, or springing direct from, the root or stem base of a plant.
〔植〕根生的
6North American informal usually as exclamation Very good; excellent.
〈非正式，主美〉顶刮刮的
Okay, then. Seven o'clock. Radical!
好吧。七点钟。太棒了！
Synonyms
excellent, wonderful, marvellous, magnificent, superb, splendid, glorious, sublime, lovely, delightful, first-class, first-rate, outstanding

noun ˈradɪk(ə)lˈrædək(ə)l

1A person who advocates thorough or complete political or social change, or a member of a political party or section of a party pursuing such aims.
过激主义者；激进主义者；激进党派成员
Example sentencesExamples
- A subsequent case failed, thanks largely to protests by French political radicals.
- He was essentially a middle-class radical rather than a champion of the working-class claim to representation in parliament.
- Indeed not every eighteenth-century American supported slavery, and some political radicals were extremely critical of the practice.
- I try to be a radical in political and social ways, but I'm a terrible conservative when it comes to technology.
- He attributed the rise of radicals more to social tensions that followed the 1998 economic and political crisis.
- I still remember the confusion I felt the day that a female member of the Dartmouth SDS told me that the only campus radical I considered cool was a male chauvinist.
- Chao was surrounded by the ideas of political radicals and heard songs of protest sung beneath a portrait of Che Guevara.
- The political radicals who ran the French Revolution from 1793 abolished the concept of weeks altogether.
- Throughout our nation's history, radicals and reformers have viewed their movements as profoundly patriotic.
- Because she's a radical, in the true sense: striking at the root.
- It was founded by radicals who had been members of the Socialist Workers Party or other political tendencies that had left that organization.
- Throughout American history, reformers and radicals have addressed social problems through civil disobedience and non-violent resistance.
- Miller was neither a social radical nor a pioneer of scientific thought.
- Hidden within the morally outraged and civilly disobedient radical, in other words, was the soul of a wronged decision theorist.
- The parliamentary Greens went along with the radicals because they knew if they didn't the radicals would splinter the party.
- The party has not tried to disguise its new deregulatory approach, which is causing unease among party radicals and old-style social democrats.
- However politically accommodating the radicals are prepared to be, any talk of defending workers interests is enough to send the union leaders into a frenzy.
- Rohm was not really a social or political radical.
- It was used to crack down on radicals and political dissenters after anarchists exploded a bomb outside the home of Attorney General Mitchell Palmer in 1919.
- The advisors also discover that McKeene was a political radical in her youth.
Synonyms
revolutionary, progressive, reformer, revisionist
leftist, left-winger, socialist
militant, zealot, extremist, fanatic, diehard
informal ultra, red
derogatory Bolshevik, Bolshevist
2Chemistry
A group of atoms behaving as a unit in a number of compounds.
〔化〕基，根，原子团。参见FREE RADICAL
See also free radical
Example sentencesExamples
- Examples of compounds or groups that accept anions include the nitrate and hydroxide radicals.
- The hydroxyl radical is very damaging and can react with many substances.
- Subsequent oxidation-reduction reactions can also produce superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals.
- Marcel Nicolet resolved some of this discrepancy by showing how reactive molecular fragments called radicals convert ozone molecules back into O 2.
- The superoxide anion radical is capable of causing as much cellular damage as singlet oxygen.
3The root or base form of a word.
词根
Example sentencesExamples
- The word can refer to a geminate verb, i.e., a triliteral verb where the second and third radicals are the same - also called mediae geminatae.
1. 3.1 Any of the basic set of approximately 214 Chinese characters constituting semantically or functionally significant elements in the composition of other characters and used as a means of classifying characters in dictionaries.
  （汉字）偏旁，部首
  Example sentencesExamples
  There are about 200 radicals representing basic subjects.
  Finally, the Lexical Decision test is a measure of children's right-left spatial reversals of Chinese radicals.
  Sho is an ideograph that is comprised of two radicals meaning ‘cloth’ and ‘knife’.
  It is for this reason also, that the character xin does not contain the radical for ‘body part’, and is the only zang which does not.
  So you see, by knowing the radicals and the 6 ways of forming Chinese characters, one can pretty much guess the meaning and sound of Chinese characters.
  By learning the function of radicals of Chinese characters, students can learn new characters by groups and strings.
4Mathematics
A quantity forming or expressed as the root of another.
〔数〕根式；根基
Example sentencesExamples
- In high school we are taught the quadratic formula which provides the roots of any quadratic equation in terms of radicals involving the coefficients of the equation.
- The paper also shows that if n is a prime less than 10 the equation x n - 1 = 0 can be solved in radicals.
- From its true emergence, algebra can be seen as a theory of equations solved by means of radicals, and of algebraic calculations on related expressions.
- In 1845 Wantzel, continuing his researches into equations, gave a new proof of the impossibility of solving all algebraic equations by radicals.
- When the exponent is a prime number, I say that its radical cannot be divisible by any other prime except those that are greater by one than a multiple of double the exponent.
1. 4.1 A radical sign.
  根号

Derivatives

radicalness

noun

The radicalness is partly a stage prop, for science, as an experimental undertaking, cannot be radical or conservative but only faithful to the facts.
Example sentencesExamples
- He had become a Tendai Buddhist at this temple - imagine the radicalness of that in Victorian times!
- It also stems from the thoroughness with which he examined Western philosophical traditions, especially from Kant onward, and the radicalness to his critique of contemporary Western society.
- The problem wasn't with their radicalness but their absurd level of self-importance.
- Even without the extravagant claims as to its radicalness, this book is solid scholarship and is well worth reading by South Asianists and environmental historians alike.

Origin

Late Middle English (in the senses 'forming the root' and 'inherent'): from late Latin radicalis, from Latin radix, radic- 'root'.

The earliest sense of radical is ‘having to do with the basic nature of something, fundamental’, and it goes back to Latin radix ‘root’, the source also of eradicate (Late Middle English) ‘to root out’ and radish (Old English), and related to root. In political terms, a radical is someone who wants complete political or social reform—to be achieved by going to the root of the problem. In the 1970s, the American writer Tom Wolfe coined radical chic for a fashionable affectation of radical left-wing views.

Definition of radical in US English:

radical

adjectiveˈradək(ə)lˈrædək(ə)l

1(especially of change or action) relating to or affecting the fundamental nature of something; far-reaching or thorough.
（尤指变化或行动）根本的；意义深远的，彻底的
a radical overhaul of the existing regulatory framework
对现有管理体制的彻底检查。
Example sentencesExamples
- ‘This marks a radical change in the paradigm for selling time on television networks,’ he says.
- The rest of the time, they assumed that economic rationalism implies support for radical free-market reform.
- But even here, the radical change began with federal courts taking major areas of public policy away from state legislatures.
- The reason for this kind of fear-mongering is obvious: it's a way to gin up support for radical reforms.
- The people are exhausted from the radical changes that affect their way of life.
- Fourth, the tax system needs radical reform.
- Efforts to improve air quality in York are not radical enough to make a real difference, councillors have claimed.
- As a result of these classes, Emmy made the radical decision to abandon school teaching and make a career as a mathematician.
- The essential elements of power remained the same without a radical shift in strategy or force structure.
- Yet not a single political party is uncompromisingly committed to the sort of programme of radical reform which would rectify these horrific wrongs.
- Des Ball says the Intelligence system needs radical overhaul.
- Meanwhile, dams associated with hydroelectric plants can cause radical disruption of area ecosystems.
- There have been radical changes in the regulation of air travel, from a newly federalized security system to tighter restrictions on what items can be brought onto a plane.
- Thailand combined the introduction of universal access to subsidised health care with a radical shift in funding away from urban hospitals to primary care.
- Both groups would be affected by a radical change in the business climate.
- ‘The question,’ he added, ‘is whether the Executive is actually up for radical change?’
- Are the arguments of those who predict a radical change in the nature of 21st century wars that groundless after all?
- It could be many years before the conditions are such that a radical reform of Social Security is possible.
- The proposal makes sweeping, radical changes in the law, but the regulatory analysis does not reflect them.
- This will undergo a radical change, with an extension to the northbound M606 and a new routing system around it.
Synonyms
thoroughgoing, thorough, complete, total, entire, absolute, utter, comprehensive, exhaustive, root-and-branch, sweeping, far-reaching, wide-ranging, extensive, profound, drastic, severe, serious, major, desperate, stringent, violent, forceful, rigorous, draconian
1. 1.1 Forming an inherent or fundamental part of the nature of someone or something.
  （人，物）原本的，固有的，与生俱来的
  the assumption of radical differences between the mental attributes of literate and nonliterate peoples
  就有文字民族与无文字民族之间智力特征固有差异的假设。
  Example sentencesExamples
  Note also the radical difference between how our culture defines ‘fashionable’ thinness for men and women.
  For translators, the radical differences between Chinese and English are a source of despair and opportunity.
  The radical injustice of early capitalism gave birth to the overcompensation of totalitarian communism.
  This is the first time we have encountered such radical differences within one lot.
  Only those who do not understand the radical difference between the movement of socialist women and bourgeois suffragettes can think this way.
  We want to make a radical difference to the prospects and perception of the town.
  The difference between then and now was so radical he was at loss about what to think.
  It should be easy enough to guess the reason for this radical difference in behaviour.
  The following is a marvellous, energizing, healing ceremony that really does make a radical and lasting, difference in your life.
  There's a radical difference between this kind of traditionalist politics and laissez-faire conservative politics.
  The story also illustrates the most radical difference between mania and hypomania.
  He said yesterday: ‘Football results do not make a radical difference to society but they can have an impact.’
  Iceland displays some radical cultural differences with its temporary American inhabitants.
  Since independence, an emergent class structure has become apparent in urban sectors with radical differences in wealth between the rich and poor.
  But then again, a subtle difference was preferable to a radical one, and it did give me a short-term confidence boost.
  To that end, you'll notice a radical difference in speed and handling depending on the size of the car.
  As for the property rights of authors to their works, the consequences of these differences are radical.
  The chapter demonstrates that fantasies and day dreams may have radical differences in both structure and content, depending on the use to which we put them.
  Here, and elsewhere in the installation, one radical difference between the classical and modern sculptures was made evident.
  These radical differences reveal crucial changes in American culture.
  Synonyms
  fundamental, basic, essential, quintessential
2. 1.2 (of surgery or medical treatment) thorough and intended to be completely curative.
  （外科，医疗）根治的，根除的
  Example sentencesExamples
  The patient in this case study underwent ablative surgery consisting of a radical hemipelvectomy carried out by an orthopaedic oncologist.
  The same diagnostic delay led to 64 patients having more radical treatment than necessary.
  She continued to practise here, despite further radical surgery for a separate primary carcinoma.
  Despite this risk, radical surgery is not indicated for the treatment of this lesion.
  A radiographic evaluation is not indicated unless radical treatment is being contemplated.
  Urinary incontinence is very common, but most people do not desire or require radical treatment.
  Men could then be offered radical surgery if their test results showed a worsening trend.
  Such patterns of care should increase the frequency with which patients are offered treatments that alter the course of the disease, most particularly surgical resection or radical radiotherapy.
  Options include radical prostatectomy, conformal radiotherapy or brachytherapy, hormone treatment, and active monitoring.
  Delayed recognition of cancer as a result of inaccuracy or inefficiency may also lead to increases in distress and disability for the patient, in addition to the eventual need for more radical treatment.
  All the control lymph nodes were removed as part of radical surgeries for malignant disease conditions and were negative for malignancy.
  Last week, one simple health message dominated the US media: radical prostate surgery for prostate cancer saves lives.
  The principal concern is that age bias will lead to the use of palliative therapies as opposed to curative treatments and radical surgical procedures in older adult patients.
  More serious cancers, however, will require radical surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.
  The rest of the pamphlet contained a list of treatment options ranging from modified radical mastectomy to hormonal therapy.
  The patient underwent preoperative chemotherapy and subsequent radical hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy.
  Each of the main treatments radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, and monitoring has risks.
  For these women the recommended treatment is often modified radical mastectomy.
  In patients who are unfit to have radical surgery, radiotherapy may be administered to the inguinal lymph nodes.
  By the seventeenth century, more radical treatments, often chemical, came into fashion and the gentle, gradual, and individualized diet fell out of favour.
2Advocating or based on thorough or complete political or social change; representing or supporting an extreme or progressive section of a political party.
过激的；激进的，激进派的
a radical American activist
美国激进主义分子。
Example sentencesExamples
- The Left Bloc began by bringing together people from different traditions of the radical left in Portugal.
- The more radical Jewish political activists have been involved in unions and socialism.
- It was an explicit invitation to the radical students to direct their criticism at the highest leaders of the Party and the State.
- But they were captives of the extreme radical elements in their party, for whom the Green movement was not essentially a political cause but a spiritual one.
- Their passivity is a reflection of the lack of cohesiveness among social groups and radical parties.
- For socialist and radical parties and movements, 1968 saw a mushrooming in their number and members.
- She has been the most radical advocate of the party's adoption of an independent stance in elections.
- We could well have a more radical left-wing party with some trade union support while on the right the Eurosceptics might have gone and formed a new party.
- He's accused of supporting extremists or radical groups in other countries as well, but Colombia is an sufficient place to start.
- In addition, radical students espousing forms of Marxism, some combined with religious political rhetoric, joined the disaffected.
- Western colonies of radical workers sprang up in the 1880s and 1890s.
- Later it emerged that they belonged to the radical left-wing organisation November 17.
- Born in 1856, he became a radical social reformer who preached the adage of ‘one caste, one God and one religion for all men’.
- Wales has always had strong left wing and radical political parties and leaders.
- She was supported by all the left and radical parties including the NSSP as well as all the various bourgeois and petty bourgeois Tamil parties.
- But history shows that protests are organized first by militant, radical fringe parties and then get taken over by more centrist voices as the movement grows.
- Hard-liners formed a radical political party, more extremist than any other.
- So we can have all sorts of radical parties in politics making change there.
- A radical working class carried out a general strike in 1917 and provoked two states of siege.
- His billionaire wife is remembered either as very religious or beautiful, but certainly not as a radical political activist.
Synonyms
revolutionary, progressive, reforming, reformist, revisionist, progressivist
1. 2.1 Characterized by independence of or departure from tradition; innovative or unorthodox.
  反传统的；创新的，革新的；进步的
  the daring, avant-garde spirit of the music was too radical for the conservative audience
  Example sentencesExamples
  These twin notions are neither new nor radical, but are rooted in core American values.
  First, let's mandate a radical redesign of that core user of oil, the automobile.
  Many of the widely known Chinese artists presented variations - some slight, some radical - on the type of work that made their reputation.
  That's when the American Medical Association published a radical new recommendation - most Americans should be taking vitamins.
  Here we would like to entertain the more radical idea that the underlying laws governing those individual phenomena are themselves of statistical origin.
  We will need a fresh and radical approach capable of reaching millions, not thousands, of voters.
  A radical agenda and innovative ideas for a second term of Labour-led government are being thrashed out by ministers and senior party figures in private this weekend.
  Road pricing is a radical solution that primarily is about securing allocative efficiency of scarce resources, namely road space.
  This is not such a radical thought; rhythms characterize all living systems, indeed, differentiate them from the non-living.
  When von Neumann proposed this architecture in 1945, it was a radical idea.
  His early 1980s TV show seemed radical at the time.
  It is unfortunate that most people are not in a position to come into contact, let alone sympathize, with radical musical ideas.
  At the time of launch the collaboration between the news and current affairs departments was a radical approach.
  For most teachers, then, doing things that make a difference would mean working in radical ways within a mainstream school.
  A radical alternative to this approach, one that would expose patients to the full price of drugs, is reference pricing.
  The resulting album attracted two nominations in the Radio 2 folk awards with its radical approach to traditional music.
  Moore's law is not concerned with radical new technologies that could have a dramatic effect.
  Given the extent to which it is taken for granted today, it can be difficult to fully appreciate the truly innovative and radical approach Frege took to logic.
  She calls for a radical re-examination of traditional approaches to accountability, transparency and press freedom.
  But in New York, the gifted young sculptor became a sort of society vanguardist whose soigne work was rooted in radical ideas that he made palatable.
  Synonyms
  unusual, irregular, unorthodox, unfamiliar, uncommon, uncustomary, unwonted, rare, out of the ordinary, atypical, singular, distinctive, individual, individualistic, free-spirited, alternative, different
3Linguistics
Denoting or relating to the roots of a word.
词根的
1. 3.1Music Belonging to the root of a chord.
  词根的
4Mathematics
Of the root of a number or quantity.
〔数〕根式的；根号的；根基的
Example sentencesExamples
- The answers are thirteen over four and two plus or minus radical seven.
5Botany
Of, or springing direct from, the root or stem base of a plant.
〔植〕根生的
6North American informal usually as exclamation Very good; excellent.
〈非正式，主美〉顶刮刮的
Okay, then. Seven o'clock. Radical!
好吧。七点钟。太棒了！
Synonyms
excellent, wonderful, marvellous, magnificent, superb, splendid, glorious, sublime, lovely, delightful, first-class, first-rate, outstanding

nounˈradək(ə)lˈrædək(ə)l

1A person who advocates thorough or complete political or social reform; a member of a political party or part of a party pursuing such aims.
过激主义者；激进主义者；激进党派成员
Example sentencesExamples
- He attributed the rise of radicals more to social tensions that followed the 1998 economic and political crisis.
- It was founded by radicals who had been members of the Socialist Workers Party or other political tendencies that had left that organization.
- It was used to crack down on radicals and political dissenters after anarchists exploded a bomb outside the home of Attorney General Mitchell Palmer in 1919.
- I still remember the confusion I felt the day that a female member of the Dartmouth SDS told me that the only campus radical I considered cool was a male chauvinist.
- He was essentially a middle-class radical rather than a champion of the working-class claim to representation in parliament.
- Miller was neither a social radical nor a pioneer of scientific thought.
- The political radicals who ran the French Revolution from 1793 abolished the concept of weeks altogether.
- Throughout American history, reformers and radicals have addressed social problems through civil disobedience and non-violent resistance.
- Chao was surrounded by the ideas of political radicals and heard songs of protest sung beneath a portrait of Che Guevara.
- However politically accommodating the radicals are prepared to be, any talk of defending workers interests is enough to send the union leaders into a frenzy.
- Rohm was not really a social or political radical.
- I try to be a radical in political and social ways, but I'm a terrible conservative when it comes to technology.
- The party has not tried to disguise its new deregulatory approach, which is causing unease among party radicals and old-style social democrats.
- Because she's a radical, in the true sense: striking at the root.
- A subsequent case failed, thanks largely to protests by French political radicals.
- Throughout our nation's history, radicals and reformers have viewed their movements as profoundly patriotic.
- The advisors also discover that McKeene was a political radical in her youth.
- The parliamentary Greens went along with the radicals because they knew if they didn't the radicals would splinter the party.
- Indeed not every eighteenth-century American supported slavery, and some political radicals were extremely critical of the practice.
- Hidden within the morally outraged and civilly disobedient radical, in other words, was the soul of a wronged decision theorist.
Synonyms
revolutionary, progressive, reformer, revisionist
2Chemistry
A group of atoms behaving as a unit in a number of compounds.
〔化〕基，根，原子团。参见FREE RADICAL
See also free radical
Example sentencesExamples
- Marcel Nicolet resolved some of this discrepancy by showing how reactive molecular fragments called radicals convert ozone molecules back into O 2.
- Examples of compounds or groups that accept anions include the nitrate and hydroxide radicals.
- Subsequent oxidation-reduction reactions can also produce superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals.
- The superoxide anion radical is capable of causing as much cellular damage as singlet oxygen.
- The hydroxyl radical is very damaging and can react with many substances.
3The root or base form of a word.
词根
Example sentencesExamples
- The word can refer to a geminate verb, i.e., a triliteral verb where the second and third radicals are the same - also called mediae geminatae.
1. 3.1 Any of the basic set of 214 Chinese characters constituting semantically or functionally significant elements in the composition of other characters and used as a means of classifying characters in dictionaries.
  （汉字）偏旁，部首
  Example sentencesExamples
  So you see, by knowing the radicals and the 6 ways of forming Chinese characters, one can pretty much guess the meaning and sound of Chinese characters.
  Finally, the Lexical Decision test is a measure of children's right-left spatial reversals of Chinese radicals.
  Sho is an ideograph that is comprised of two radicals meaning ‘cloth’ and ‘knife’.
  There are about 200 radicals representing basic subjects.
  By learning the function of radicals of Chinese characters, students can learn new characters by groups and strings.
  It is for this reason also, that the character xin does not contain the radical for ‘body part’, and is the only zang which does not.
4Mathematics
A quantity forming or expressed as the root of another.
〔数〕根式；根基
Example sentencesExamples
- When the exponent is a prime number, I say that its radical cannot be divisible by any other prime except those that are greater by one than a multiple of double the exponent.
- The paper also shows that if n is a prime less than 10 the equation x n - 1 = 0 can be solved in radicals.
- In high school we are taught the quadratic formula which provides the roots of any quadratic equation in terms of radicals involving the coefficients of the equation.
- From its true emergence, algebra can be seen as a theory of equations solved by means of radicals, and of algebraic calculations on related expressions.
- In 1845 Wantzel, continuing his researches into equations, gave a new proof of the impossibility of solving all algebraic equations by radicals.
1. 4.1 A radical sign.
  根号

Origin

Late Middle English (in the senses ‘forming the root’ and ‘inherent’): from late Latin radicalis, from Latin radix, radic- ‘root’.

单词	radical
释义	Definition of radical in English: radical adjective ˈradɪk(ə)lˈrædək(ə)l 1(especially of change or action) relating to or affecting the fundamental nature of something; far-reaching or thorough. （尤指变化或行动）根本的；意义深远的，彻底的 a radical overhaul of the existing regulatory framework 对现有管理体制的彻底检查。 Example sentencesExamples There have been radical changes in the regulation of air travel, from a newly federalized security system to tighter restrictions on what items can be brought onto a plane. Fourth, the tax system needs radical reform. ‘This marks a radical change in the paradigm for selling time on television networks,’ he says. The essential elements of power remained the same without a radical shift in strategy or force structure. Meanwhile, dams associated with hydroelectric plants can cause radical disruption of area ecosystems. Both groups would be affected by a radical change in the business climate. This will undergo a radical change, with an extension to the northbound M606 and a new routing system around it. The people are exhausted from the radical changes that affect their way of life. As a result of these classes, Emmy made the radical decision to abandon school teaching and make a career as a mathematician. The rest of the time, they assumed that economic rationalism implies support for radical free-market reform. The proposal makes sweeping, radical changes in the law, but the regulatory analysis does not reflect them. Efforts to improve air quality in York are not radical enough to make a real difference, councillors have claimed. Yet not a single political party is uncompromisingly committed to the sort of programme of radical reform which would rectify these horrific wrongs. Des Ball says the Intelligence system needs radical overhaul. ‘The question,’ he added, ‘is whether the Executive is actually up for radical change?’ Are the arguments of those who predict a radical change in the nature of 21st century wars that groundless after all? But even here, the radical change began with federal courts taking major areas of public policy away from state legislatures. Thailand combined the introduction of universal access to subsidised health care with a radical shift in funding away from urban hospitals to primary care. The reason for this kind of fear-mongering is obvious: it's a way to gin up support for radical reforms. It could be many years before the conditions are such that a radical reform of Social Security is possible. Synonyms thoroughgoing, thorough, complete, total, entire, absolute, utter, comprehensive, exhaustive, root-and-branch, sweeping, far-reaching, wide-ranging, extensive, profound, drastic, severe, serious, major, desperate, stringent, violent, forceful, rigorous, draconian 1.1 Forming an inherent or fundamental part of the nature of someone or something. （人，物）原本的，固有的，与生俱来的 the assumption of radical differences between the mental attributes of literate and non-literate peoples 就有文字民族与无文字民族之间智力特征固有差异的假设。 Example sentencesExamples We want to make a radical difference to the prospects and perception of the town. This is the first time we have encountered such radical differences within one lot. Only those who do not understand the radical difference between the movement of socialist women and bourgeois suffragettes can think this way. Since independence, an emergent class structure has become apparent in urban sectors with radical differences in wealth between the rich and poor. It should be easy enough to guess the reason for this radical difference in behaviour. But then again, a subtle difference was preferable to a radical one, and it did give me a short-term confidence boost. There's a radical difference between this kind of traditionalist politics and laissez-faire conservative politics. Here, and elsewhere in the installation, one radical difference between the classical and modern sculptures was made evident. The radical injustice of early capitalism gave birth to the overcompensation of totalitarian communism. As for the property rights of authors to their works, the consequences of these differences are radical. The following is a marvellous, energizing, healing ceremony that really does make a radical and lasting, difference in your life. The difference between then and now was so radical he was at loss about what to think. The story also illustrates the most radical difference between mania and hypomania. Note also the radical difference between how our culture defines ‘fashionable’ thinness for men and women. These radical differences reveal crucial changes in American culture. To that end, you'll notice a radical difference in speed and handling depending on the size of the car. The chapter demonstrates that fantasies and day dreams may have radical differences in both structure and content, depending on the use to which we put them. He said yesterday: ‘Football results do not make a radical difference to society but they can have an impact.’ For translators, the radical differences between Chinese and English are a source of despair and opportunity. Iceland displays some radical cultural differences with its temporary American inhabitants. Synonyms fundamental, basic, essential, quintessential inherent, innate, structural, deep-seated, intrinsic, organic, constitutive, root 1.2 (of surgery or medical treatment) thorough and intended to be completely curative. （外科，医疗）根治的，根除的 Example sentencesExamples The same diagnostic delay led to 64 patients having more radical treatment than necessary. Despite this risk, radical surgery is not indicated for the treatment of this lesion. The patient in this case study underwent ablative surgery consisting of a radical hemipelvectomy carried out by an orthopaedic oncologist. Last week, one simple health message dominated the US media: radical prostate surgery for prostate cancer saves lives. By the seventeenth century, more radical treatments, often chemical, came into fashion and the gentle, gradual, and individualized diet fell out of favour. All the control lymph nodes were removed as part of radical surgeries for malignant disease conditions and were negative for malignancy. She continued to practise here, despite further radical surgery for a separate primary carcinoma. More serious cancers, however, will require radical surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Such patterns of care should increase the frequency with which patients are offered treatments that alter the course of the disease, most particularly surgical resection or radical radiotherapy. Options include radical prostatectomy, conformal radiotherapy or brachytherapy, hormone treatment, and active monitoring. The rest of the pamphlet contained a list of treatment options ranging from modified radical mastectomy to hormonal therapy. Delayed recognition of cancer as a result of inaccuracy or inefficiency may also lead to increases in distress and disability for the patient, in addition to the eventual need for more radical treatment. In patients who are unfit to have radical surgery, radiotherapy may be administered to the inguinal lymph nodes. Urinary incontinence is very common, but most people do not desire or require radical treatment. Each of the main treatments radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, and monitoring has risks. A radiographic evaluation is not indicated unless radical treatment is being contemplated. For these women the recommended treatment is often modified radical mastectomy. The principal concern is that age bias will lead to the use of palliative therapies as opposed to curative treatments and radical surgical procedures in older adult patients. Men could then be offered radical surgery if their test results showed a worsening trend. The patient underwent preoperative chemotherapy and subsequent radical hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy. 2Advocating or based on thorough or complete political or social change; representing or supporting an extreme or progressive section of a political party. 过激的；激进的，激进派的 a radical American activist 美国激进主义分子。 Example sentencesExamples In addition, radical students espousing forms of Marxism, some combined with religious political rhetoric, joined the disaffected. It was an explicit invitation to the radical students to direct their criticism at the highest leaders of the Party and the State. Hard-liners formed a radical political party, more extremist than any other. But history shows that protests are organized first by militant, radical fringe parties and then get taken over by more centrist voices as the movement grows. Wales has always had strong left wing and radical political parties and leaders. But they were captives of the extreme radical elements in their party, for whom the Green movement was not essentially a political cause but a spiritual one. So we can have all sorts of radical parties in politics making change there. For socialist and radical parties and movements, 1968 saw a mushrooming in their number and members. His billionaire wife is remembered either as very religious or beautiful, but certainly not as a radical political activist. Born in 1856, he became a radical social reformer who preached the adage of ‘one caste, one God and one religion for all men’. She was supported by all the left and radical parties including the NSSP as well as all the various bourgeois and petty bourgeois Tamil parties. Later it emerged that they belonged to the radical left-wing organisation November 17. Their passivity is a reflection of the lack of cohesiveness among social groups and radical parties. We could well have a more radical left-wing party with some trade union support while on the right the Eurosceptics might have gone and formed a new party. She has been the most radical advocate of the party's adoption of an independent stance in elections. A radical working class carried out a general strike in 1917 and provoked two states of siege. Western colonies of radical workers sprang up in the 1880s and 1890s. The Left Bloc began by bringing together people from different traditions of the radical left in Portugal. The more radical Jewish political activists have been involved in unions and socialism. He's accused of supporting extremists or radical groups in other countries as well, but Colombia is an sufficient place to start. Synonyms revolutionary, progressive, reforming, reformist, revisionist, progressivist leftist, left-wing, socialist, anti-capitalist extreme, extremist, fanatical, militant, diehard informal red British informal swivel-eyed derogatory Bolshevik 2.1British historical Belonging to an extreme section of the Liberal party during the 19th century. 〈英，史〉（19世纪）自由党激进派的 Example sentencesExamples He was elected as MP for Stirling Burghs in 1868, and gained a reputation as a radical Liberal. 2.2 Characterized by independence of or departure from tradition; innovative or unorthodox. 反传统的；创新的，革新的；进步的 the daring, avant-garde spirit of the music was too radical for the conservative audience Example sentencesExamples She calls for a radical re-examination of traditional approaches to accountability, transparency and press freedom. Many of the widely known Chinese artists presented variations - some slight, some radical - on the type of work that made their reputation. First, let's mandate a radical redesign of that core user of oil, the automobile. That's when the American Medical Association published a radical new recommendation - most Americans should be taking vitamins. Road pricing is a radical solution that primarily is about securing allocative efficiency of scarce resources, namely road space. For most teachers, then, doing things that make a difference would mean working in radical ways within a mainstream school. Moore's law is not concerned with radical new technologies that could have a dramatic effect. These twin notions are neither new nor radical, but are rooted in core American values. A radical agenda and innovative ideas for a second term of Labour-led government are being thrashed out by ministers and senior party figures in private this weekend. The resulting album attracted two nominations in the Radio 2 folk awards with its radical approach to traditional music. But in New York, the gifted young sculptor became a sort of society vanguardist whose soigne work was rooted in radical ideas that he made palatable. Here we would like to entertain the more radical idea that the underlying laws governing those individual phenomena are themselves of statistical origin. A radical alternative to this approach, one that would expose patients to the full price of drugs, is reference pricing. It is unfortunate that most people are not in a position to come into contact, let alone sympathize, with radical musical ideas. This is not such a radical thought; rhythms characterize all living systems, indeed, differentiate them from the non-living. Given the extent to which it is taken for granted today, it can be difficult to fully appreciate the truly innovative and radical approach Frege took to logic. His early 1980s TV show seemed radical at the time. At the time of launch the collaboration between the news and current affairs departments was a radical approach. We will need a fresh and radical approach capable of reaching millions, not thousands, of voters. When von Neumann proposed this architecture in 1945, it was a radical idea. Synonyms unusual, irregular, unorthodox, unfamiliar, uncommon, uncustomary, unwonted, rare, out of the ordinary, atypical, singular, distinctive, individual, individualistic, free-spirited, alternative, different 3Linguistics Denoting or relating to the roots of a word. 词根的 3.1Music Belonging to the root of a chord. 词根的 4Mathematics Relating to or forming the root of a number or quantity. 〔数〕根式的；根号的；根基的 Example sentencesExamples The answers are thirteen over four and two plus or minus radical seven. 5Botany Of, or springing direct from, the root or stem base of a plant. 〔植〕根生的 6North American informal usually as exclamation Very good; excellent. 〈非正式，主美〉顶刮刮的 Okay, then. Seven o'clock. Radical! 好吧。七点钟。太棒了！ Synonyms excellent, wonderful, marvellous, magnificent, superb, splendid, glorious, sublime, lovely, delightful, first-class, first-rate, outstanding noun ˈradɪk(ə)lˈrædək(ə)l 1A person who advocates thorough or complete political or social change, or a member of a political party or section of a party pursuing such aims. 过激主义者；激进主义者；激进党派成员 Example sentencesExamples A subsequent case failed, thanks largely to protests by French political radicals. He was essentially a middle-class radical rather than a champion of the working-class claim to representation in parliament. Indeed not every eighteenth-century American supported slavery, and some political radicals were extremely critical of the practice. I try to be a radical in political and social ways, but I'm a terrible conservative when it comes to technology. He attributed the rise of radicals more to social tensions that followed the 1998 economic and political crisis. I still remember the confusion I felt the day that a female member of the Dartmouth SDS told me that the only campus radical I considered cool was a male chauvinist. Chao was surrounded by the ideas of political radicals and heard songs of protest sung beneath a portrait of Che Guevara. The political radicals who ran the French Revolution from 1793 abolished the concept of weeks altogether. Throughout our nation's history, radicals and reformers have viewed their movements as profoundly patriotic. Because she's a radical, in the true sense: striking at the root. It was founded by radicals who had been members of the Socialist Workers Party or other political tendencies that had left that organization. Throughout American history, reformers and radicals have addressed social problems through civil disobedience and non-violent resistance. Miller was neither a social radical nor a pioneer of scientific thought. Hidden within the morally outraged and civilly disobedient radical, in other words, was the soul of a wronged decision theorist. The parliamentary Greens went along with the radicals because they knew if they didn't the radicals would splinter the party. The party has not tried to disguise its new deregulatory approach, which is causing unease among party radicals and old-style social democrats. However politically accommodating the radicals are prepared to be, any talk of defending workers interests is enough to send the union leaders into a frenzy. Rohm was not really a social or political radical. It was used to crack down on radicals and political dissenters after anarchists exploded a bomb outside the home of Attorney General Mitchell Palmer in 1919. The advisors also discover that McKeene was a political radical in her youth. Synonyms revolutionary, progressive, reformer, revisionist leftist, left-winger, socialist militant, zealot, extremist, fanatic, diehard informal ultra, red derogatory Bolshevik, Bolshevist 2Chemistry A group of atoms behaving as a unit in a number of compounds. 〔化〕基，根，原子团。参见FREE RADICAL See also free radical Example sentencesExamples Examples of compounds or groups that accept anions include the nitrate and hydroxide radicals. The hydroxyl radical is very damaging and can react with many substances. Subsequent oxidation-reduction reactions can also produce superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals. Marcel Nicolet resolved some of this discrepancy by showing how reactive molecular fragments called radicals convert ozone molecules back into O 2. The superoxide anion radical is capable of causing as much cellular damage as singlet oxygen. 3The root or base form of a word. 词根 Example sentencesExamples The word can refer to a geminate verb, i.e., a triliteral verb where the second and third radicals are the same - also called mediae geminatae. 3.1 Any of the basic set of approximately 214 Chinese characters constituting semantically or functionally significant elements in the composition of other characters and used as a means of classifying characters in dictionaries. （汉字）偏旁，部首 Example sentencesExamples There are about 200 radicals representing basic subjects. Finally, the Lexical Decision test is a measure of children's right-left spatial reversals of Chinese radicals. Sho is an ideograph that is comprised of two radicals meaning ‘cloth’ and ‘knife’. It is for this reason also, that the character xin does not contain the radical for ‘body part’, and is the only zang which does not. So you see, by knowing the radicals and the 6 ways of forming Chinese characters, one can pretty much guess the meaning and sound of Chinese characters. By learning the function of radicals of Chinese characters, students can learn new characters by groups and strings. 4Mathematics A quantity forming or expressed as the root of another. 〔数〕根式；根基 Example sentencesExamples In high school we are taught the quadratic formula which provides the roots of any quadratic equation in terms of radicals involving the coefficients of the equation. The paper also shows that if n is a prime less than 10 the equation x n - 1 = 0 can be solved in radicals. From its true emergence, algebra can be seen as a theory of equations solved by means of radicals, and of algebraic calculations on related expressions. In 1845 Wantzel, continuing his researches into equations, gave a new proof of the impossibility of solving all algebraic equations by radicals. When the exponent is a prime number, I say that its radical cannot be divisible by any other prime except those that are greater by one than a multiple of double the exponent. 4.1 A radical sign. 根号 Derivatives radicalness noun The radicalness is partly a stage prop, for science, as an experimental undertaking, cannot be radical or conservative but only faithful to the facts. Example sentencesExamples He had become a Tendai Buddhist at this temple - imagine the radicalness of that in Victorian times! It also stems from the thoroughness with which he examined Western philosophical traditions, especially from Kant onward, and the radicalness to his critique of contemporary Western society. The problem wasn't with their radicalness but their absurd level of self-importance. Even without the extravagant claims as to its radicalness, this book is solid scholarship and is well worth reading by South Asianists and environmental historians alike. Origin Late Middle English (in the senses 'forming the root' and 'inherent'): from late Latin radicalis, from Latin radix, radic- 'root'. The earliest sense of radical is ‘having to do with the basic nature of something, fundamental’, and it goes back to Latin radix ‘root’, the source also of eradicate (Late Middle English) ‘to root out’ and radish (Old English), and related to root. In political terms, a radical is someone who wants complete political or social reform—to be achieved by going to the root of the problem. In the 1970s, the American writer Tom Wolfe coined radical chic for a fashionable affectation of radical left-wing views. Definition of radical in US English: radical adjectiveˈradək(ə)lˈrædək(ə)l 1(especially of change or action) relating to or affecting the fundamental nature of something; far-reaching or thorough. （尤指变化或行动）根本的；意义深远的，彻底的 a radical overhaul of the existing regulatory framework 对现有管理体制的彻底检查。 Example sentencesExamples ‘This marks a radical change in the paradigm for selling time on television networks,’ he says. The rest of the time, they assumed that economic rationalism implies support for radical free-market reform. But even here, the radical change began with federal courts taking major areas of public policy away from state legislatures. The reason for this kind of fear-mongering is obvious: it's a way to gin up support for radical reforms. The people are exhausted from the radical changes that affect their way of life. Fourth, the tax system needs radical reform. Efforts to improve air quality in York are not radical enough to make a real difference, councillors have claimed. As a result of these classes, Emmy made the radical decision to abandon school teaching and make a career as a mathematician. The essential elements of power remained the same without a radical shift in strategy or force structure. Yet not a single political party is uncompromisingly committed to the sort of programme of radical reform which would rectify these horrific wrongs. Des Ball says the Intelligence system needs radical overhaul. Meanwhile, dams associated with hydroelectric plants can cause radical disruption of area ecosystems. There have been radical changes in the regulation of air travel, from a newly federalized security system to tighter restrictions on what items can be brought onto a plane. Thailand combined the introduction of universal access to subsidised health care with a radical shift in funding away from urban hospitals to primary care. Both groups would be affected by a radical change in the business climate. ‘The question,’ he added, ‘is whether the Executive is actually up for radical change?’ Are the arguments of those who predict a radical change in the nature of 21st century wars that groundless after all? It could be many years before the conditions are such that a radical reform of Social Security is possible. The proposal makes sweeping, radical changes in the law, but the regulatory analysis does not reflect them. This will undergo a radical change, with an extension to the northbound M606 and a new routing system around it. Synonyms thoroughgoing, thorough, complete, total, entire, absolute, utter, comprehensive, exhaustive, root-and-branch, sweeping, far-reaching, wide-ranging, extensive, profound, drastic, severe, serious, major, desperate, stringent, violent, forceful, rigorous, draconian 1.1 Forming an inherent or fundamental part of the nature of someone or something. （人，物）原本的，固有的，与生俱来的 the assumption of radical differences between the mental attributes of literate and nonliterate peoples 就有文字民族与无文字民族之间智力特征固有差异的假设。 Example sentencesExamples Note also the radical difference between how our culture defines ‘fashionable’ thinness for men and women. For translators, the radical differences between Chinese and English are a source of despair and opportunity. The radical injustice of early capitalism gave birth to the overcompensation of totalitarian communism. This is the first time we have encountered such radical differences within one lot. Only those who do not understand the radical difference between the movement of socialist women and bourgeois suffragettes can think this way. We want to make a radical difference to the prospects and perception of the town. The difference between then and now was so radical he was at loss about what to think. It should be easy enough to guess the reason for this radical difference in behaviour. The following is a marvellous, energizing, healing ceremony that really does make a radical and lasting, difference in your life. There's a radical difference between this kind of traditionalist politics and laissez-faire conservative politics. The story also illustrates the most radical difference between mania and hypomania. He said yesterday: ‘Football results do not make a radical difference to society but they can have an impact.’ Iceland displays some radical cultural differences with its temporary American inhabitants. Since independence, an emergent class structure has become apparent in urban sectors with radical differences in wealth between the rich and poor. But then again, a subtle difference was preferable to a radical one, and it did give me a short-term confidence boost. To that end, you'll notice a radical difference in speed and handling depending on the size of the car. As for the property rights of authors to their works, the consequences of these differences are radical. The chapter demonstrates that fantasies and day dreams may have radical differences in both structure and content, depending on the use to which we put them. Here, and elsewhere in the installation, one radical difference between the classical and modern sculptures was made evident. These radical differences reveal crucial changes in American culture. Synonyms fundamental, basic, essential, quintessential 1.2 (of surgery or medical treatment) thorough and intended to be completely curative. （外科，医疗）根治的，根除的 Example sentencesExamples The patient in this case study underwent ablative surgery consisting of a radical hemipelvectomy carried out by an orthopaedic oncologist. The same diagnostic delay led to 64 patients having more radical treatment than necessary. She continued to practise here, despite further radical surgery for a separate primary carcinoma. Despite this risk, radical surgery is not indicated for the treatment of this lesion. A radiographic evaluation is not indicated unless radical treatment is being contemplated. Urinary incontinence is very common, but most people do not desire or require radical treatment. Men could then be offered radical surgery if their test results showed a worsening trend. Such patterns of care should increase the frequency with which patients are offered treatments that alter the course of the disease, most particularly surgical resection or radical radiotherapy. Options include radical prostatectomy, conformal radiotherapy or brachytherapy, hormone treatment, and active monitoring. Delayed recognition of cancer as a result of inaccuracy or inefficiency may also lead to increases in distress and disability for the patient, in addition to the eventual need for more radical treatment. All the control lymph nodes were removed as part of radical surgeries for malignant disease conditions and were negative for malignancy. Last week, one simple health message dominated the US media: radical prostate surgery for prostate cancer saves lives. The principal concern is that age bias will lead to the use of palliative therapies as opposed to curative treatments and radical surgical procedures in older adult patients. More serious cancers, however, will require radical surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The rest of the pamphlet contained a list of treatment options ranging from modified radical mastectomy to hormonal therapy. The patient underwent preoperative chemotherapy and subsequent radical hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy. Each of the main treatments radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, and monitoring has risks. For these women the recommended treatment is often modified radical mastectomy. In patients who are unfit to have radical surgery, radiotherapy may be administered to the inguinal lymph nodes. By the seventeenth century, more radical treatments, often chemical, came into fashion and the gentle, gradual, and individualized diet fell out of favour. 2Advocating or based on thorough or complete political or social change; representing or supporting an extreme or progressive section of a political party. 过激的；激进的，激进派的 a radical American activist 美国激进主义分子。 Example sentencesExamples The Left Bloc began by bringing together people from different traditions of the radical left in Portugal. The more radical Jewish political activists have been involved in unions and socialism. It was an explicit invitation to the radical students to direct their criticism at the highest leaders of the Party and the State. But they were captives of the extreme radical elements in their party, for whom the Green movement was not essentially a political cause but a spiritual one. Their passivity is a reflection of the lack of cohesiveness among social groups and radical parties. For socialist and radical parties and movements, 1968 saw a mushrooming in their number and members. She has been the most radical advocate of the party's adoption of an independent stance in elections. We could well have a more radical left-wing party with some trade union support while on the right the Eurosceptics might have gone and formed a new party. He's accused of supporting extremists or radical groups in other countries as well, but Colombia is an sufficient place to start. In addition, radical students espousing forms of Marxism, some combined with religious political rhetoric, joined the disaffected. Western colonies of radical workers sprang up in the 1880s and 1890s. Later it emerged that they belonged to the radical left-wing organisation November 17. Born in 1856, he became a radical social reformer who preached the adage of ‘one caste, one God and one religion for all men’. Wales has always had strong left wing and radical political parties and leaders. She was supported by all the left and radical parties including the NSSP as well as all the various bourgeois and petty bourgeois Tamil parties. But history shows that protests are organized first by militant, radical fringe parties and then get taken over by more centrist voices as the movement grows. Hard-liners formed a radical political party, more extremist than any other. So we can have all sorts of radical parties in politics making change there. A radical working class carried out a general strike in 1917 and provoked two states of siege. His billionaire wife is remembered either as very religious or beautiful, but certainly not as a radical political activist. Synonyms revolutionary, progressive, reforming, reformist, revisionist, progressivist 2.1 Characterized by independence of or departure from tradition; innovative or unorthodox. 反传统的；创新的，革新的；进步的 the daring, avant-garde spirit of the music was too radical for the conservative audience Example sentencesExamples These twin notions are neither new nor radical, but are rooted in core American values. First, let's mandate a radical redesign of that core user of oil, the automobile. Many of the widely known Chinese artists presented variations - some slight, some radical - on the type of work that made their reputation. That's when the American Medical Association published a radical new recommendation - most Americans should be taking vitamins. Here we would like to entertain the more radical idea that the underlying laws governing those individual phenomena are themselves of statistical origin. We will need a fresh and radical approach capable of reaching millions, not thousands, of voters. A radical agenda and innovative ideas for a second term of Labour-led government are being thrashed out by ministers and senior party figures in private this weekend. Road pricing is a radical solution that primarily is about securing allocative efficiency of scarce resources, namely road space. This is not such a radical thought; rhythms characterize all living systems, indeed, differentiate them from the non-living. When von Neumann proposed this architecture in 1945, it was a radical idea. His early 1980s TV show seemed radical at the time. It is unfortunate that most people are not in a position to come into contact, let alone sympathize, with radical musical ideas. At the time of launch the collaboration between the news and current affairs departments was a radical approach. For most teachers, then, doing things that make a difference would mean working in radical ways within a mainstream school. A radical alternative to this approach, one that would expose patients to the full price of drugs, is reference pricing. The resulting album attracted two nominations in the Radio 2 folk awards with its radical approach to traditional music. Moore's law is not concerned with radical new technologies that could have a dramatic effect. Given the extent to which it is taken for granted today, it can be difficult to fully appreciate the truly innovative and radical approach Frege took to logic. She calls for a radical re-examination of traditional approaches to accountability, transparency and press freedom. But in New York, the gifted young sculptor became a sort of society vanguardist whose soigne work was rooted in radical ideas that he made palatable. Synonyms unusual, irregular, unorthodox, unfamiliar, uncommon, uncustomary, unwonted, rare, out of the ordinary, atypical, singular, distinctive, individual, individualistic, free-spirited, alternative, different 3Linguistics Denoting or relating to the roots of a word. 词根的 3.1Music Belonging to the root of a chord. 词根的 4Mathematics Of the root of a number or quantity. 〔数〕根式的；根号的；根基的 Example sentencesExamples The answers are thirteen over four and two plus or minus radical seven. 5Botany Of, or springing direct from, the root or stem base of a plant. 〔植〕根生的 6North American informal usually as exclamation Very good; excellent. 〈非正式，主美〉顶刮刮的 Okay, then. Seven o'clock. Radical! 好吧。七点钟。太棒了！ Synonyms excellent, wonderful, marvellous, magnificent, superb, splendid, glorious, sublime, lovely, delightful, first-class, first-rate, outstanding nounˈradək(ə)lˈrædək(ə)l 1A person who advocates thorough or complete political or social reform; a member of a political party or part of a party pursuing such aims. 过激主义者；激进主义者；激进党派成员 Example sentencesExamples He attributed the rise of radicals more to social tensions that followed the 1998 economic and political crisis. It was founded by radicals who had been members of the Socialist Workers Party or other political tendencies that had left that organization. It was used to crack down on radicals and political dissenters after anarchists exploded a bomb outside the home of Attorney General Mitchell Palmer in 1919. I still remember the confusion I felt the day that a female member of the Dartmouth SDS told me that the only campus radical I considered cool was a male chauvinist. He was essentially a middle-class radical rather than a champion of the working-class claim to representation in parliament. Miller was neither a social radical nor a pioneer of scientific thought. The political radicals who ran the French Revolution from 1793 abolished the concept of weeks altogether. Throughout American history, reformers and radicals have addressed social problems through civil disobedience and non-violent resistance. Chao was surrounded by the ideas of political radicals and heard songs of protest sung beneath a portrait of Che Guevara. However politically accommodating the radicals are prepared to be, any talk of defending workers interests is enough to send the union leaders into a frenzy. Rohm was not really a social or political radical. I try to be a radical in political and social ways, but I'm a terrible conservative when it comes to technology. The party has not tried to disguise its new deregulatory approach, which is causing unease among party radicals and old-style social democrats. Because she's a radical, in the true sense: striking at the root. A subsequent case failed, thanks largely to protests by French political radicals. Throughout our nation's history, radicals and reformers have viewed their movements as profoundly patriotic. The advisors also discover that McKeene was a political radical in her youth. The parliamentary Greens went along with the radicals because they knew if they didn't the radicals would splinter the party. Indeed not every eighteenth-century American supported slavery, and some political radicals were extremely critical of the practice. Hidden within the morally outraged and civilly disobedient radical, in other words, was the soul of a wronged decision theorist. Synonyms revolutionary, progressive, reformer, revisionist 2Chemistry A group of atoms behaving as a unit in a number of compounds. 〔化〕基，根，原子团。参见FREE RADICAL See also free radical Example sentencesExamples Marcel Nicolet resolved some of this discrepancy by showing how reactive molecular fragments called radicals convert ozone molecules back into O 2. Examples of compounds or groups that accept anions include the nitrate and hydroxide radicals. Subsequent oxidation-reduction reactions can also produce superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals. The superoxide anion radical is capable of causing as much cellular damage as singlet oxygen. The hydroxyl radical is very damaging and can react with many substances. 3The root or base form of a word. 词根 Example sentencesExamples The word can refer to a geminate verb, i.e., a triliteral verb where the second and third radicals are the same - also called mediae geminatae. 3.1 Any of the basic set of 214 Chinese characters constituting semantically or functionally significant elements in the composition of other characters and used as a means of classifying characters in dictionaries. （汉字）偏旁，部首 Example sentencesExamples So you see, by knowing the radicals and the 6 ways of forming Chinese characters, one can pretty much guess the meaning and sound of Chinese characters. Finally, the Lexical Decision test is a measure of children's right-left spatial reversals of Chinese radicals. Sho is an ideograph that is comprised of two radicals meaning ‘cloth’ and ‘knife’. There are about 200 radicals representing basic subjects. By learning the function of radicals of Chinese characters, students can learn new characters by groups and strings. It is for this reason also, that the character xin does not contain the radical for ‘body part’, and is the only zang which does not. 4Mathematics A quantity forming or expressed as the root of another. 〔数〕根式；根基 Example sentencesExamples When the exponent is a prime number, I say that its radical cannot be divisible by any other prime except those that are greater by one than a multiple of double the exponent. The paper also shows that if n is a prime less than 10 the equation x n - 1 = 0 can be solved in radicals. In high school we are taught the quadratic formula which provides the roots of any quadratic equation in terms of radicals involving the coefficients of the equation. From its true emergence, algebra can be seen as a theory of equations solved by means of radicals, and of algebraic calculations on related expressions. In 1845 Wantzel, continuing his researches into equations, gave a new proof of the impossibility of solving all algebraic equations by radicals. 4.1 A radical sign. 根号 Origin Late Middle English (in the senses ‘forming the root’ and ‘inherent’): from late Latin radicalis, from Latin radix, radic- ‘root’.
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