The polytechnics have hitherto been at an unfair disadvantage in competing for pupils and money.

到目前为止，理工专科学校在争取生源和资金方面一直处于劣势。

Hitherto, the main emphasis has been on the need to resist aggression.

迄今为止，一直重点强调的是要抵抗侵略。

The helicopter is the first in the world to be designed to serve three hitherto very distinct markets.

这款直升机是世界上首批为满足3个迄今为止完全不同的市场而设计的机型。